The Host Chapter 27: Undecided

I felt my way back to my prison hole. It had been weeks and weeks since I'd been down this particular corridor; I hadn't been back since the morning after Jared had left and Jeb had set me free. It seemed to me that while I lived and Jared was in the caves, this must be where I belonged. There was no dim light to greet me now. I was fairly sure I was in the last leg-the turns and twists were still vaguely familiar. I let my left hand drag against the wall as low as I could reach, feeling for the opening as I crept forward. I wasn't decided on crawling back inside the cramped hole, but at least it would give me a reference point, letting me know that I was where I meant to be. As it happened, I didn't have the option of inhabiting my cell again. In the same moment that my fingers brushed the rough edge at the top of the hole, my foot hit an obstacle and I stumbled, falling to my knees. I threw my hands out to catch myself, and they landed with a crunch and a crackle, breaking through something that wasn't rock and didn't belong here. The sound startled me; the unexpected object frightened me. Perhaps I'd made a wrong turn and wasn't anywhere near my hole. Perhaps I was in someone's living space. I ran through the memory of my recent journey in my head, wondering how I could have gotten so turned about. Meanwhile, I listened for some reaction to my crashing fall, holding absolutely still in the darkness. There was nothing-no reaction, no sound. It was only dark and stuffy and humid, as it always was, and so silent that I knew I must be alone. Carefully, trying to make as little noise as possible, I took stock of my surroundings. My hands were stuck in something. I pulled them free, tracing the contours of what felt like a cardboard box-a cardboard box with a sheet of thin, crackly plastic on top that my hands had fallen through. I felt around inside the box and found a layer of more crackly plastic-small rectangles that made a lot of noise when I handled them. I retreated quickly, afraid of drawing attention to myself. I remembered that I'd thought I'd found the top of the hole. I searched to my left and found more stacks of cardboard squares on that side. I tried to find the top of the stack and had to stand in order to do so-it was as high as my head. I searched until I found the wall, and then the hole, exactly where I'd thought it was. I tried to climb in to ascertain if it really was the same place-one second on that bowed floor and I would know it for certain-but I could not get any farther than the opening. It, too, was crammed full of boxes. Stymied, I explored with my hands, moving back out into the hall. I found I could go no deeper down the passageway; it was entirely filled with the mysterious cardboard squares. As I hunted along the floor, trying to understand, I found something different from the crowd of boxes. It was rough fabric, like burlap, a sack full of something heavy that shifted with a quiet hissing sound when I nudged it. I kneaded the sack with my hands, less alarmed by the low hiss than by the plastic crackle-it seemed unlikely that this sound would alert anyone to my presence. Suddenly, it all came clear. It was the smell that did it. As I played with the sand-like material inside the bag, I got an unexpected whiff of a familiar scent. It took me back to my bare kitchen in San Diego, to the low cupboard on the left side of the sink. In my head I could see so clearly the bag of uncooked rice, the plastic measuring cup I used to dole it out, the rows of canned food behind it†¦ Once I realized that I was touching a bag of rice, I understood. I was in the right place after all. Hadn't Jeb said they used this place for storage? And hadn't Jared just returned from a long raid? Now everything the raiders had stolen in the weeks they'd been gone was dumped in this out-of-the-way place until it could be used. Many thoughts ran through my head at once. First, I realized that I was surrounded by food. Not just rough bread and weak onion soup, but food. Somewhere in this stack, there could be peanut butter. Chocolate chip cookies. Potato chips. Cheetos. Even as I imagined finding these things, tasting them again, being full for the first time since I'd left civilization, I felt guilty for thinking of it. Jared hadn't risked his life and spent weeks hiding and stealing to feed me. This food was for others. I also worried that perhaps this wasn't the entire haul. What if they had more boxes to stow? Would Jared and Kyle be the ones to bring them? It didn't take any imagination at all to picture the scene that would result if they found me here. But wasn't that why I was here? Wasn't that exactly what I'd needed to be alone to think about? I slouched against the wall. The rice bag made a decent pillow. I closed my eyes-unnecessary in the inky darkness-and settled in for a consultation. Okay, Mel. What now? I was glad to find that she was still awake and alert. Opposition brought out her strength. It was only when things were going well that she drifted away. Priorities, she decided. What's most important to us? Staying alive? Or Jamie? She knew the answer. Jamie, I affirmed, sighing out loud. The sound of my breath whispered back from the black walls. Agreed. We could probably last awhile if we let Jeb and Ian protect us. Will that help him? Maybe. Would he be more hurt if we just gave up? Or if we let this drag on, only to have it end badly, which seems inevitable? She didn't like that. I could feel her scrambling around, searching for alternatives. Try to escape? I suggested. Unlikely, she decided. Besides, what would we do out there? What would we tell them? We imagined it together-how would I explain my months of absence? I could lie, make up some alternative story, or say I didn't remember. But I thought of the Seeker's skeptical face, her bulging eyes bright with suspicion, and knew my inept attempts at subterfuge would fail. They'd think I took over, Melanie agreed. Then they'd take you out and put her in. I squirmed, as if a new position on the rock floor would take me further away from the idea, and shuddered. Then I followed the thought to its conclusion. She'd tell them about this place, and the Seekers would come. The horror washed through us. Right, I continued. So escape is out. Right, she whispered, emotion making her thought unstable. So the decision is†¦ quick or slow. Which hurts him less? It seemed that as long as I focused on practicalities I could keep at least my side of the discussion numbly businesslike. Melanie tried to mimic my effort. I'm not sure. On the one hand, logically, the longer the three of us are together, the harder our†¦ separation would be for him. Then again, if we didn't fight, if we just gave up†¦ he wouldn't like that. He'd feel betrayed by us. I looked at both sides she'd presented, trying to be rational about it. So†¦ quick, but we have to do our best not to die? Go down fighting, she affirmed grimly. Fighting. Fabulous. I tried to imagine that-meeting violence with violence. Raising my hand to strike someone. I could form the words but not the mental picture. You can do it, she encouraged. I'll help you. Thanks, but no thanks. There has to be some other way. I don't get you, Wanda. You've given up on your species entirely, you're ready to die for my brother, you're in love with the man I love who is going to kill us, and yet you won't let go of customs that are entirely impractical here. I am who I am, Mel. I can't change that, though everything else may change. You hold on to yourself; allow me to do the same. But if we're going to – She would have continued to argue with me, but we were interrupted. A scuffing sound, shoe against rock, echoed from somewhere back down the corridor. I froze-every function of my body arrested but my heart, and even that faltered jaggedly-and listened. I didn't have long to hope that I'd just imagined the sound. Within seconds, I could hear more quiet footsteps coming this way. Melanie kept her cool, whereas I was lost to panic. Get on your feet, she ordered. Why? You won't fight, but you can run. You have to try something-for Jamie. I started breathing again, keeping it quiet and shallow. Slowly, I rolled forward till I was on the balls of my feet. Adrenaline coursed through my muscles, making them tingle and flex. I would be faster than most who would try to catch me, but where would I run to? â€Å"Wanda?† someone whispered quietly. â€Å"Wanda? Are you here? It's me.† His voice broke, and I knew him. â€Å"Jamie!† I rasped. â€Å"What are you doing? I told you I needed to be alone.† Relief was plain in his voice, which he now raised from the whisper. â€Å"Everybody is looking for you. Well, you know, Trudy and Lily and Wes-that everybody. Only we're not supposed to let anyone know that's what we're doing. No one is supposed to guess that you're missing. Jeb's got his gun again. Ian's with Doc. When Doc's free, he'll talk to Jared and Kyle. Everybody listens to Doc. So you don't have to hide. Everybody's busy, and you're probably tired†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As Jamie explained, he continued forward until his fingers found my arm, and then my hand. â€Å"I'm not really hiding, Jamie. I told you I had to think.† â€Å"You could think with Jeb there, right?† â€Å"Where do you want me to go? Back to Jared's room? This is where I'm supposed to be.† â€Å"Not anymore.† The familiar stubborn edge entered his voice. â€Å"Why is everyone so busy?† I asked to distract him. â€Å"What's Doc doing?† My attempt was unsuccessful; he didn't answer. After a minute of silence, I touched his cheek. â€Å"Look, you should be with Jeb. Tell the others to stop looking for me. I'll just hang out here for a while.† â€Å"You can't sleep here.† â€Å"I have before.† I felt his head shake in my hand. â€Å"I'll go get mats and pillows, at least.† â€Å"I don't need more than one.† â€Å"I'm not staying with Jared while he's being such a jerk.† I groaned internally. â€Å"Then you stay with Jeb and his snores. You belong with them, not with me.† â€Å"I belong wherever I want to be.† The threat of Kyle finding me here was heavy on my mind. But that argument would only make Jamie feel responsible for protecting me. â€Å"Fine, but you have to get Jeb's permission.† â€Å"Later. I'm not going to bug Jeb tonight.† â€Å"What is Jeb doing?† Jamie didn't answer. It was only at that point I realized he had deliberately not answered my question the first time. There was something he didn't want to tell me. Maybe the others were busy trying to find me, too. Maybe Jared's homecoming had returned them to their original opinion about me. It had seemed that way in the kitchen, when they'd hung their heads and eyed me with furtive guilt. â€Å"What's going on, Jamie?† I pressed. â€Å"I'm not supposed to tell you,† he muttered. â€Å"And I'm not going to.† His arms wrapped tightly around my waist, and his face pressed against my shoulder. â€Å"Everything is going to be all right,† he promised me, his voice thick. I patted his back and ran my fingers through his tangled mane. â€Å"Okay,† I said, agreeing to accept his silence. After all, I had my secrets, too, didn't I? â€Å"Don't be upset, Jamie. Whatever it is, it will all work out for the best. You're going to be fine.† As I said the words, I willed them to be true. â€Å"I don't know what to hope for,† he whispered. As I stared into the dark at nothing in particular, trying to understand what he wouldn't say, a faint glow caught my eye at the far end of the hallway-dim but conspicuous in the black cave. â€Å"Shhh,† I breathed. â€Å"Someone is coming. Quick, hide behind the boxes.† Jamie's head snapped up, toward the yellow light that was getting brighter by the second. I listened for the accompanying footsteps but heard nothing. â€Å"I'm not going to hide,† he breathed. â€Å"Get behind me, Wanda.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Jamie!† Jared shouted. â€Å"I know you're back here!† My legs felt hollow, numb. Did it have to be Jared? It would be so much easier for Jamie if Kyle were the one to kill me. â€Å"Go away!† Jamie shouted back. The yellow light sped up and turned into a circle on the far wall. Jared stalked around the corner, the flashlight in his hand sweeping back and forth across the rock floor. He was clean again, wearing a faded red shirt I recognized-it had hung in the room where I'd lived for weeks and so was a familiar sight. His face was also familiar-it wore exactly the same expression it had since the first moment I'd shown up here. The beam of the flashlight hit my face and blinded me; I knew the light reflected brilliantly off the silver behind my eyes, because I felt Jamie jump-just a little start, and then he set himself more firmly than before. â€Å"Get away from it!† Jared roared. â€Å"Shut up!† Jamie yelled back. â€Å"You don't know her! Leave her alone!† He clung to me while I tried to unlock his hands. Jared came on like a charging bull. He grabbed the back of Jamie's shirt with one hand and yanked him away from me. He held on to his handful of fabric, shaking the boy while he yelled. â€Å"You're being an idiot! Can't you see how it's using you?† Instinctively, I shoved myself into the tight space between them. As I'd intended, my advance made him drop Jamie. I didn't want or need what else happened-the way his familiar smell assaulted my senses, the way the contours of his chest felt under my hands. â€Å"Leave Jamie alone,† I said, wishing for once that I could be more like Melanie wanted me to be-that my hands could be hard now, that my voice could be strong. He snatched my wrists in one hand and used this leverage to hurl me away from him, into the wall. The impact caught me by surprise, knocked the breath out of me. I rebounded off the stone wall to the floor, landing in the boxes again, making another crinkly crash as I shredded through more cellophane. The pulse thudded in my head as I lay awkwardly bent over the boxes, and for a moment, I saw strange lights pass in front of my eyes. â€Å"Coward!† Jamie screamed at Jared. â€Å"She wouldn't hurt you to save her own life! Why can't you leave her alone?† I heard the boxes shifting and felt Jamie's hands on my arm. â€Å"Wanda? Are you okay, Wanda?† â€Å"Fine,† I huffed, ignoring the throbbing in my head. I could see his anxious face hovering over me in the glow of the flashlight, which Jared must have dropped. â€Å"You should go now, Jamie,† I whispered. â€Å"Run.† Jamie shook his head fiercely. â€Å"Stay away from it!† Jared bellowed. I watched as Jared grabbed Jamie's shoulders and yanked the boy up from his crouch. The boxes this displaced fell on me like a small avalanche. I rolled away, covering my head with my arms. A heavy one caught me right between the shoulder blades, and I cried out in pain. â€Å"Stop hurting her!† Jamie howled. There was a sharp crack, and someone gasped. I struggled to pull myself out from under the heavy carton, rising up on my elbows dizzily. Jared had one hand over his nose, and something dark was oozing down over his lips. His eyes were wide with surprise. Jamie stood in front of him with both hands clenched into fists, a furious scowl on his face. Jamie's scowl melted slowly while Jared stared at him in shock. Hurt took its place-hurt and a betrayal so deep that it rivaled Jared's expression in the kitchen. â€Å"You aren't the man I thought you were,† Jamie whispered. He looked at Jared as though Jared were very far away, as if there were a wall between them and Jamie was utterly isolated on his side. Jamie's eyes started to swim, and he turned his head, ashamed of showing weakness in front of Jared. He walked away with quick, jerky movements. We tried, Melanie thought sadly. Her heart ached after the child, even as she longed for me to return my eyes to the man. I gave her what she wanted. Jared wasn't looking at me. He was staring at the blackness into which Jamie had disappeared, his hand still covering his nose. â€Å"Aw, damn it!† he suddenly shouted. â€Å"Jamie! Get back here!† There was no answer. Jared threw one bleak glance in my direction-I cringed away, though his fury seemed to have faded-then scooped up the flashlight and stomped after Jamie, kicking a box out of his way. â€Å"I'm sorry, okay? Don't cry, kid!† He called out more angry apologies as he turned the corner and left me lying in the darkness. For a long moment, it was all I could do to breathe. I concentrated on the air flowing in, then out, then in. After I felt I had that part mastered, I worked on getting up off the floor. It took a few seconds to remember how to move my legs, and even then they were shaky and threatened to collapse under me, so I sat against the wall again, sliding over till I found my rice-filled pillow. I slumped there and took stock of my condition. Nothing was broken-except maybe Jared's nose. I shook my head slowly. Jamie and Jared should not be fighting. I was causing them so much turmoil and unhappiness. I sighed and went back to my assessment. There was a vast sore spot in the center of my back, and the side of my face felt raw and moist where it had hit the wall. It stung when I touched it and left warm fluid on my fingers. That was the worst of it, though. The other bruises and scrapes were mild. As I realized that, I was unexpectedly overwhelmed by relief. I was alive. Jared had had his chance to kill me and he had not used it. He'd gone after Jamie instead, to make things right between them. So whatever damage I was doing to their relationship, it was probably not irreparable. It had been a long day-the day had already been long even before Jared and the others had shown up, and that seemed like eons ago. I closed my eyes where I was and fell asleep on the rice.

Feminism and Art Essay

Feminist activity had been a rising concern in the late 1900’s which is based merely off of the emotional significance of personal and psychological reasoning. Rather than reacting on this issue based on historical evidence, the issue is based on immediate needs on the feminist attack. Linda Nochlin, and other important scholars and philosophers explain the psychology, philosophy, sociology, and history of art and the feminist movement pertaining to art. Linda Nochlin was the author of this piece, and used both her own knowledge to write this piece, as well as other scholars and philosophers arguments, injected them into her writing, and elaborated on their ideas and arguments. When pertaining to psychology, the issues mentioned and elaborated on were how women were rejected, which led to their thoughts, feelings, and emotions being affected. Because of this, this changed their way of interpreting things, and their views of things were different from men. From a philosophical stand point, Nochlin refers to John Stuart Mill who says that he suggests that we tend to accept things that come natural to us, or that are natural, like male domination; this means that males dominate over women, and women having no say in anything, accept what is natural because back in the day, male domination was a normal thing to women and was a natural behavior. Thinking about sociology, in society, men had to work and had to be educated. Women on the other hand were not allowed and treated as objects, and stayed home to have children and to continue on the male name. â€Å"In general, women’s experience and situation in society, and hence as artists, is different from men’s, and certainly the art produced by a group of consciously united and purposefully articulate women intent on bodying forth a group of consciousness of feminine experience might indeed be stylistically identifiable as feminists, if not feminine art. † Historically, women weren’t allowed to be educated unless they were wealthy, or had and greater importance over other women. This is why women didn’t know how to paint because they weren’t allowed to learn how, this is also why there were not so many women artists back then, and if there were, they were not well known. An important question that has been posed multiple times within this piece was, â€Å"Why have there been no great women artists? † 3 3 â€Å"Why have there been no great women artists† is what Linda is arguing. Her argument is that there are no great women artists that compare to all of these great and well-known artists that art historians study. These famous artists studied today are, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Delacroix, Cezanne, Picasso, Matisse, etc. Linda also states that it is in human nature that men dominate women. It is an instinct that has been created ever since humans walked this earth, and is something that is still being battled today. By answering the question, â€Å"Why have there been no great women artists†, which has been questioned by many, Linda proves her arguments by referring to many who have either answered, or attempted to answer this question. Those who have either done it or attempted it are: John Stuart Mill, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Mary Ellmann. All of these theorists/writers attempted to answer the same exact question by simply reinforcing the negative implications, or by saying that there is a different kind of greatness that exists for women, and also how experiences that women go through in society affects their art, which may mean that they were not accepted by the great viewers, which were men. Men and women have different values and interpretation of art, and to men, women’s art was nothing. When structure of this essay is concerned, it is in fact structured in a number of 4 4 ways which include, historical events, arguments, theories, and facts. The argument is pronounced using different methods, which explains subjects using points from the other scholars and their explanations. Initially, the argument made was intangible, later it becomes clear when Nochlin first talks about the battle against feminism, and how it has been around for years, even decades. Later, she begins to say how feminism caused such emotional, and psychological damage and pain to women for a long period of time. Many reasons why feminism had occurred was explored by Nochlin, and answered the question by John Stuart Mill’s response to male dominancy. Her reasoning for why there were no famous female artists was because of men, and how they overruled women in society; her argument was supported with many arguments written from other writers in the past. At the end of each of her arguments, she ends with the famous question, â€Å"Why have there been no great women artists†, and leaves it to be answered by another writer. Many say it is in male nature to dominate, or maybe women just can’t achieve as much greatness as men. Maybe women paint from their psychological views of things, and this was frowned upon by men; women were not allowed to think, let alone paint about what they were thinking. When comparing known women artists to well known male artists, no woman artist compares to the master of art, Michelangelo. The next division of this essay was â€Å"The Question of the Nudes. † â€Å" We can now approach our question from a more reasonable standpoint, since it seems probable that the answer to why there have been no great women artists lies not in the nature of individual genius or lack of it, but in the nature of given institutions and what they forbid or encouraged in various classes or group of individuals†, p. 158. Since the 1800’s, nude models were females, and would go to school to help the new and sprouting artists to learn and practice art. Females who wanted to participate and learn to paint the human body were rejected because society did not allow women to look at another female or male nude. Men were allowed to study the female nude because to them, they were objects. However, male nudes (models) were never classified as objects. â€Å"As late as 1893, â€Å"lady† students were not admitted to life drawing at the Royal Academy in London, and even when they were, after that date, the model had to be â€Å"partially draped. † P. 158. Women had very little knowledge in painting and therefore were quite timid because of all the pressure that was placed on them by the society, and most commonly, men. Many of those who studied nude models and produced nude figure drawings later became doctors, and professional artists; once again women were not permitted to become either of those. In order to become a professional artist, however, you needed to be good in literature, and had to have knowledge of many techniques. It was uncommon for women to be educated because school’s had high expectations. There were consequences if a woman wanted to be a painter. If you were a woman painter, and were substantially committed to painting, you were expected to forget about having a future. This included a husband, family, career, etc. This was the case in the 19th century because women â€Å"couldn’t focus† on more than one thing at a time according to men and society, therefore our only options were to become a painter and have no outside life, or forget about being a painter and have a family. Women had come a long way by this time, and women were allowed to play music, sculpt, and draw, but were considered weak, and couldn’t pursue any labor work. One of the great women artists, Maurice Bompard, suffered greatly with her paintings because society classified them as being too sexual, and not serious enough; she struggled greatly to achieve the greatness she deserved. Rosa Bonheur was another well known woman artist, and her success changed the view of society on women artists, but still struggled because of her gender. Her father was a drawing master, so she loved to draw and paint at an early age. Rosa created a new style of painting in the 19th century, and this was to paint in smaller scale. She has the ability to capture naturalism, soul, and individuality, and was well known for her â€Å"Barbizon† landscapes. 6 , 6 The rhetorical method in this piece would be repeating the question, â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists†, and this depicts the importance of this issue which has been raised by all of the philosophers, writers, and art historians that have been attempting to answer this question for decades. The tone of voice used in the essay is persuasion, frustration, and even determination, and this makes it easier for the reader to understand and illustrate what exactly the issue is and how important it is. In Nochlin’s â€Å"Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists†, she states the importance of women’s history, and makes women aware of how grateful they should be with everything women are allowed to do today. Because of those many strong women who stood up for what they believed in, women today have equal rights to men, and can pursue any path they so wish to take.

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Theatre - Essay Example Considering the aspects of cost, mass media is far much cheaper and extremely powerful as reaches very many people within a very short time. Consumption of mass media is on the rise especially in the developing world mainly because it saves on time of telling a story, it can be used with large populations and the message is easily understood. Television, Radio and newspapers are particularly consumed by many people across the world and therefore can easily pass a message. On the other hand theatre incorporates elements of one-on-one interpersonal interaction and hence can only tell stories to very few people. Theater techniques are therefore comparatively costly in terms of every person reached. In my opinion therefore, mass media has not replaced the need for theater but in fact increased the need. It is through theater that TV programs for instance are made and eventually broadcast to large populations. Whereas traditional techniques such as Community Theater are costly if larger populations have to be reached, theater continues to be important in promoting creativity. Theatre is still needed because it is a very useful training platform for future leaders in media as well as an important platform for the society to tell its stories in a manner that is more authentic. Mass media therefore enables theater to reach many people across the world and does not replace

UNIT 5-IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 5-IP - Essay Example In statistics, for instance, if you take an exam and you fail it, statistically speaking the probabilities of passing the exam the second time around are higher. The more you take the exam the better scores you should obtain. This is a comparison made to, good judgment comes from experience. The more experience you have in a given situation the better you are able to make decisions. The difference between making judgments based on experiences and taking an exam over and over again is that, the exam is the same one and the situation in life may be similar but not the same. You have different players involved, other circumstances, other decisions to take in the process of making them, and other people may be affected by the decision(s) you make. This is a big responsibility. It is not only you the one that is involved but there are repercussions on other peoples ´ lives by a decision you have made or vice versa. This refers to making bad judgments and obtaining experiences. A marriage, for instance, you fall in love, do all the things psychologists tell you to do: communicate what you will put into the relationship and what is expected of the other person, go grocery shopping, go to religious ceremonies, cook together, wait for a year to get married and other identified tasks. After following all of the suggestions, a year later you are on the divorce statistics. There are no formulas for choosing a partner and there are no formulas in raising children. In the past there were no schools to become a parent and how to raise your children. It was a trial and error procedure. Parents were the models liked it or not. Today, there is an increase of interest by people wanting to know how to raise their children, wanting to go to seminars where they teach strategies on raising children, and in a few decades it will be known if it was worth while or not. This is the first generation to start

Management Style in Gate Gourmet Research Paper

Management Style in Gate Gourmet - Research Paper Example This number came to 45 and questionnaires were distributed to 45 employees of GG while they were coming out after completing their shifts. This was considered necessary to achieve the objectives of the study outlined above. The first question related to the overall working conditions prevailing in GG since the settlement of the dispute in 2005. Out of the 23 male employees surveyed 8 of them agreed that the working conditions are satisfying. While 10 of them took a neutral stand 5 of the employees mostly disagreed with the statement that the conditions are satisfactory. A graphical representation of the replies is appended below: The same question was answered by 22 female employees. Of he female employees surveyed 2 of them were appeared to be satisfied with the working conditions at GG. 12 of them took a neutral stand whereas 8 of them mostly disagreed with the statement. For the satisfaction about the overall working conditions, out of the total sample of 45 employees, none of them agreed that they were satisfied with the working conditions. Out of the balance, 10 of them mostly agreed and 22 of the employees neither agreed nor disagreed that the working conditions were satisfactory. While 10 of them mostly disagreed 3 of them totally were not satisfied with the prevailing working conditions. The graphical representation is as below: Here the employ... For the satisfaction about the overall working conditions, out of the total sample of 45 employees, none of them agreed that they were satisfied with the working conditions. Out of the balance, 10 of them mostly agreed and 22 of the employees neither agreed nor disagreed that the working conditions were satisfactory. While 10 of them mostly disagreed 3 of them totally were not satisfied with the prevailing working conditions. The graphical representation is as below: Question 2: Organisational Value: Here the employees were asked to comment whether working with GG makes them feel that they are valued and respected. For this question, out of the sample of 45 people, none of them agreed that there is any value; 5 of the employees mostly agreed; 19 of them took a neutral approach; 19 of them mostly disagreed and 2 of them totally disagreed that they had any value or respect. The pictorial representation: Question 3: Prospects for Employee Growth: Under this question the selected employees were asked to present whether in their opinion there was any opportunity for the employees to apply for getting appointed to senior positions in GG. The answer was 'YES' by none, mostly agreed by 5, neither agree nor disagree by 24, mostly disagree by 15 and totally 'NO' by 1 employee. The graph is as shown below: Question 4: Existence of Downward Communication: The employees were asked to answer the question that whether there was any downward communication between managers and the staff in the form of regular meetings. None of the employees replied affirmatively. While 3 of them mostly agreed that there were meetings, 22 of them remained non-committal. 10 of the employees mostly disagreed to the opinion that

What is Islamophobia Is it a real concern Is it racism Essay

What is Islamophobia Is it a real concern Is it racism - Essay Example The unwanted importance given to the fear of Islam leads to dislike towards the majority of Muslims, who are moderate and secular. Besides, Islamophobia denies the feelings of moderate Muslims who consider religion and politics as different entities. Halim Rane, Jacqui Ewart, and Mohamad Abdalla state that Islamophobic expressions are either passive (inauspicious attitude) or active (discrimination) (Rane, Ewart, & Abdalla, 2010). Islamophobia forces the world community to consider Islam as the most important threat on world peace and co-operation among world religions. In addition, Islamophobia projects the aggressiveness of Islam and its ideology. At the same time, Islam is considered as a political ideology based on religious ideology. In short, Islamophobia is the enmity towards Islam and Muslims as a whole. But it leads to discrimination and marginalization of secular Muslims who are not interested in political Islam. In the United States, Islamophobia is a burning issue which leads to the discrimination of Muslim minority. But all Americans do not consider Muslims as terrorists or religious extremists. As the United States is a multi-religious society, there exists high possibility for difference in opinion on a particular issue. The 9/11 attacks resulted in the strong hatred against Islam as an extremist religion. Mahmood Mamdani states that the post 9/11 culture talk shows unwanted interest to connect terrorism and Islam (Mamdani, 17). The global spread of terrorism and religious extremism increased the scope of anti-Islamic sentiment among the people. For instance, the term ‘Camel Jockey’ is used to denote Muslims. Terrorism sponsored by the fundamentalist groups operating from the Middle East forced the Americans to consider Islam as a dangerous religion. The American war in Iran and Afghanistan ignited hatred among the Muslims. But these wars were not fought against Islam or Mu slims, but against the terrorists who are against world peace

Epistemologies; Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Epistemologies; Plato vs. Aristotle Essay Plato, the father of philosophy, was a rationalist. He was the first systematic metaphysician and epistemologist. He believed that we had innate knowledge; a priori. So to him learning was only a matter of remembering. Plato believed that the â€Å"ideal† world existed beyond our own physical earth because according to him realty could not be changing or imperfect. From his point of view what we see are only the particulars, the mimics of the real thing, therefore, we have to pull back from the world of peculiars and search in our own minds. Things like justice or moral virtues do not exist in this world in a proper form. In Crito Meno we can clearly see these ideas. The essential argument in Crito is ‘The Many vs. The One’. Socrates says â€Å"We should’t care all that much about what the populace will say of us, but about what the expert on matters justice and injustice will say, the individual authority, or Truth. † With this phrase he is saying that we should never pay attention to the opinion of the many but always find the one who knows because that is the only person whose opinion is valuable. And later on he goes on to say that if it is never good to do injustice then it is also wrong to do injustice in response to injustice which is why he refuses to escape. In Meno we get more in depth into the idea of inborn knowledge. Meno starts with the question ‘What is Virtue? ’ but Meno always answers the question by giving examples of virtue instead of defining the word and going to the roots of what all those virtues have in common. Down in the world of particulars there are many kinds of virtues for example for the male it’s to run the state, female it’s to run the household but what is important, essential is the traits they both have in common; temperance and justice. Socrates uses the dialectical method in order to get answers out of Meno and also clearly demonstrates this method on a slave of Meno to prove his theory about innate knowledge. Even though it can always be used, using the dialectical method is specifically significant when a person believes that we have innate knowledge, because if what we call learning is just remembering then teaching is just pulling out that knowledge, giving opportunities for that innate knowledge to spring forth. Aristotle on the other hand was an empiricist. He believed that we â€Å"learned† through our senses, by gathering knowledge from the world around us; â€Å"a posteriori†. By reading ‘On the soul’ and ‘Metaphysics’ we get a clear sense of Aristotle’s epistemology. Aristotle encourages embracing the particular in order to possibly gain a sense of the universal. According to Aristotle forms are the essence and when we combine form and matter we get human. The reading ‘On the Soul’ discusses that the body and the soul is not one, that sight allows us to absorb the world in very abstract ways and that memory is learning. In the reading ‘Metaphysics’ Aristotle sets forth causes for the explanation of change: Substance (essence), Matter (or substratum), Source of change and the cause opposed to this. Plato and Aristotle both believed in a universal purpose but the ways in which they got to these universal purposes were very different. Plato was an idealist, he despised the physical whereas Aristotle was a scientist, he loved facts and commonsense. Aristotle would argue that we gain knowledge after experience (a posteriori) but Plato would certainly disagree and say that we gain knowledge before experience (a priori). Plato believes that there is a world of ideas where ideas exist perfectly, the objects in our world are just mimics whereas Aristotle says that the ideas we perceive are inside the particular object. By saying that matter and form combined is what makes an individual Aristotle brings Plato’s Forms â€Å"down from the heavens to concrete reality. †

Reviewing The Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now English Literature Essay

Reviewing The Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now English Literature Essay The horrorthe horror, these were the words that echoed in my mind after experiencing Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Francis Coppolas Apocalypse Now. Together, both pieces have several parallels; this is largely due to the fact that Coppolas Apocalypse Now is actually an adaptation of Heart of Darkness. While the films story mimics Conrads tale with its general plot points, there are also many differences. While the characters of both Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now parallel one another in their natures, this is also where their distinct differences lie. The Accountant in Heart of Darkness is only one of the countless characters that are in Africa with absolutely no purpose; his attire is always kept at its best and it appears as though his only accomplishment was teaching an African woman to clean his garments, treating her as a servant. To parallel with The Accountant, in Apocalypse Now, Kilgore is also viewed as a purposeless character. Kilgores sole purpose is to surf, yet somehow he manages to avoid death and even injury in the most treacherous places, causing his focus on the war to be nonexistent. Marlow in Heart of Darkness and Captain Willard from Apocalypse Now both have this mission of finding Kurtz, the man known as god; the man known to be as hollow as a barrel; the man to be found. In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz is the chief agent at the ivory companys Inner Station at Stanley Falls. This so known hallow man is much taken back by the power that he has over the natives, starting out in the Congo attempting to give the natives better lives, these people learn to worship his ways. Due to his good intentions of helping these natives, he becomes isolated from his own civilization and is left to be on his own; he begins to retreat into a state of brutality. This clearly epitomizes that the basic human nature of Heart of Darkness is usually drowned out by the light of society. We can also see here that civilization is only superficial, in the way that the natives were more civilized then Kurtz himself. Marlows relationship with Kurtz after finding him begins as a professional one, but as we see when the story unfolds, Marlow slowly begins to identify with Kurtz, and by the end of the book we can see that Kurtz is what Marlow could have been and that Marlow is what Kurtz used to be. The two men see themselves in one another, a hard but interesting thing t o experience. Within Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, the use of light and dark are both dazzling and unbelievable. The representation of light, dark black and white is embedded throughout the account of Heart of Darkness. In general, the symbolism of darkness usually implies evil or some type of mysterious unknown. Yet in the book we see that darkness is used as a symbol for truth, where the light is seen as a falsehood. The truth that Marlow discovers is within him, lying in the darkness. The truth was physically found for him in Congo which was known as the darkest spot on the map. With that specific example of how symbolism has been reversed, we also look into the light. The light comes from the civilization, also seen as a source of falsehood as well as being a form of dark business. The symbolism of white and black in Heart of Darkness is most apparent when it alludes to cultural and race; the white people being the lying, evil, civilized community, and the black natives being enlighten ed, good, and savages. The alternating lighting in many of the scenes of Apocalypse Now, specifically in the Do Lung scene symbolizes the insanity of the Vietnam War. Here we see that no one knows why they are really there, what is real, what is not, or where exactly the real evil is. Towards the end of the film, after Willard has killed Kurtz, we see Willard purposely placing half of his face in the shadow. This use of cinematography shows that he had united the two ideals; that of the military from which his mission spawned from the light, and the moral, yet uncompassionate ideal of Kurtz and the darkness of the jungle. Another comparison that can be made between the two is the fact that they both have rivers, not the physical part, but the symbolic importance of these rivers. In Heart of Darkness, the Congo River is essential to the plot of the story, and is also essential to the Europeans in general when dealing with Africa. The river was the only means of travel for the Europeans to be able to get into Africa. In regard to the light and dark aspect, the river did not allow of efficient movement upstream, reflecting on the difficulty in Marlows journey within himself, and this struggle that he faces toward obtaining the truth. On the other hand, Marlow was capable of moving easily downstream, making his return to civilization easier and basically effortless. In Apocalypse Now, the Hung River is where we turn towards truth, a struggle with the events escalating in their level of severity and confusion. This river brought only madness and was a path to enlightenment, with every path to enlightenment , sacrifices were made and there would always be pain to overcome. When it comes to noticing differences between the novel and the film, the most obvious one would have to come with the usage of drugs in Apocalypse Now. Heart of Darkness didnt have a hippie-surfer character that was always tripping on acid. It didnt have a man named Chef who wore a sailor shirt and smoked dope constantly. To me, the most surprising aspect of Apocalypse Now was that Lance, the surfer, survived throughout the entire ordeal, proving that during the release of the film, drugs were seen as good. I believe that Timothy Leary intended to use the film to explain how marijuana, shrooms and acid unlocked the key to immortality. This is probably the most apparent difference to me in the two, we see that Apocalypse Now was very interested in promoting to use of drugs while Heart of Darkness never went to that level. In addition to the rivers, and drug use, the idea of imperialism is only found in Heart of Darkness. The imperialism had a huge effect on the race relations in the novel; it is from this and also with civilizing the natives that the criminal neglect of the Company resides and is acceptable. The closest we get to anything like this is Apocalypse Now would be in the slaughter of the Vietnam Cong during the war. The ties between Conrads Heart of Darkness and Coppolas Apocalypse Now are unmistakable. From the Congo River in Africa to the Nung River in Vietnam, Conrads ideals are not lost. In both, the ideas of good versus evil and symbolism of whiteness and darkness are all apparent. While there are many similarities between the two, as discussed there are many differences, from the usage of drugs to the descriptions of rivers. Heart of Darkness, Apocalypse Now, from one came the other, there are two dont you see? Together, both pieces have countless parallels and we see that if it werent for the distinction of time, we would be unable to determine which came first. These parallels intrigue the reader or the viewer to want to engulf themselves into the depth of the other.

Hematological Values in Young Adults

Hematological Values in Young Adults A study on complete Blood cell count in young healthy Medical individuals Abstract Background: complete blood cell count is a frequently used laboratory test for the diagnosis of several diseases, in health examination and preoperative evaluation. The values of hematological parameters are affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. Recently it was reported that white blood cell count and platelet counts are associated with cardiovascular diseases. It is of interest to note that the premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than men possibly due to female sex hormonal effect on platelet functions. so this study has been conducted in order to determine any sex variation effect on hematological parameters in apparently healthy male and female young adult subjects. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study is to measure the various hematological values in the young adult male and female subjects and then to compare their results. Methods: 80 young adult students between 17 to 20 years of age group have participated in this study voluntarily. After being informed blood samples of subjects had been taken in morning. Haematological parameters were analysed by Sysmex KX -21 automated hematology analyzer. The haematological changes in between male and female subjects were analyzed by Student’s paired â€Å"t† test respectively. Result: It shows that difference between the levels of Differential leukocyte cell count, Hemoglobin and Platelet count of the two studied group is statistically significant (p Key words: Male, Female, Blood cell, Hemoglobin, Leucocyte, Platelet Introduction Study of hematological parameters like complete blood cell count is a frequently used laboratory test performed to support the diagnosis of several diseases. It is also used in periodic health examination and preoperative evaluation. The values of hematological parameters are affected by a number of factors even in apparently healthy population. These include age, sex, body builds, and nutritional, environmental and social factors with ethnic backgrounds.1 It has been shown in several studies that some of the hematological parameters exhibit considerable variation in different period of life. At birth the total Hb level, RBC count, PCV are shown to be higher than at any other period of life.2,3 The levels of these parameters then decrease during the next few months after birth, some more steeply than others, with cells becoming hypo chromic with the development of physiological iron deficiency anemia.4 The Hb content and RBC count then gradually rise and approaches near to the adult levels by the age of puberty.5 In general the male hematological levels are higher than the adult female levels.6 However, Tell et al (1985)7 reported that total WBC Platelet counts are significantly higher in adolescent female than adolescent male subjects of 14-16 years of age. Recently it was also reported that white blood cell count and platelet counts are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Total WBC and certain subtype counts in young adulthood are significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) 15 or 20 years later in early middle age. This suggests possible involvement of WBC in initiation or early development of atherosclerosis at later age of life.8 Therefore, study on WBC at an early adulthood is important. Test Male Female P-value RBC 4.76 ±0.38 4.59 ±0.29 0.075 Hb (g/dl) 13.58 ±1.05 12.67 ±1.10 0.005* HCT(%) 41.96 ±4.51 39.92 ±2.70 0.064 MCH(pg) 28.67 ±1.90 27.60 ±1.61 0.041* MCHC(g/dl) 32.79 ±2.24 31.70 ±0.93 0.033 RDW (fl) 46.31 ±4.55 44.04 ±2.67 0.036* Materials and methods 40 healthy females average 20.75  ± 2.23 years old and 40 healthy males , on average 20.83  ± 0.96 years old; a total of 80 people apparently healthy have participated in this study on a voluntary basis. The subjects was excluded from the study, if they Suffer from any hematological, endocrinological, gynecological, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous disorders and evidence of infection at the time of sampling or Subject had history of Blood transfusion or donation in last 3 months. The protocol has been explained to the subjects. 2 ml of venous blood sample was drawn between 9 a.m to 12 noon from anticubital vein under aseptic precautions in to a vial containing of 10% potassium EDTA to avoid diurnal variations. The sample was analysed immediately within 1-2 hrs, to avoid any variations due to storage. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell count (CBC), hemoglobin (HBG), hematocrit value (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hem oglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte distribution width (RDW), leukocyte count (TLC), Differencial cell count, platelet count (PLT) were analyzed with â€Å"Sysmex-kx-21† brand blood cell counter device in central laboratory of Dhiraj hospital Piparia from July 2012 to Oct 2012. SPSS program has been used in assessment of data. Results have been decided on basis of Mean and Standard Deviation. t test was applied in independent groups to compare them. 0.05 values were accepted as significant. Results Table 1: Erythrocyte Parameters of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40) Table 2: Leukocyte Platelet count of Male (n=40) and Females (n=40) Test Male Female P-value Total WBC count 7.48 ± 1.85 7.02  ± 2.00 0.418 Differential Neutrophil count 65.33  ± 7.83 56.70  ± 13.59 0.010* Differential Lymphocyte count 29.90  ±9.72 35.80  ± 9.74 0.041* Differential Monocyte count 5.85  ± 2.16 7.49  ± 1.10 0.002* Total Platelet count 218.79  ± 29.96 252.54  ± 37.84 0.001* Discussion In our study Erythrocyte parameters like Hemoglobin, MCH and MCHC have been found to be higher in males, total WBC count with neutrophil count also higher in male subjects. Whenever lymphocyte count, monocyte count and Platelet were higher in female subject. EL- Hazmi and Warsy (2001) studied Saudi Children with ages ranging from 1-15 years. The RBC Count did not Show a Significant Changes in the 1 to 13 year Old but rope slightly beyond this age. No Significant differences were observed in red cell count in the male and female children. White blood cell gradually decreased 2 years onwards, While Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increased significantly from 2 to 15 years. The same author reported WBC Count 10.9  ± 3.8 x 1012/L , 6.9  ± 3.1 x 10 9/L in one year olds , 9-11 years 12-15 years age group respectively.9 Ghafouri et al (1987) reported that total Level of hemoglobin was 13.7  ± 1.0 g/dl And 13.5  ± 1.0 g/dl, respectively in male female children, with ages ranging f rom 12-15 years. Hemoglobin Level was Lowest in the two-year olds, and then gradually increased up to 15 years of age in both boys girls. The differences of Boys Girls Level was significant after 14 years of age, The male values were Higher than the female values.10 Usman k et al (2007) studied 302 healthy volunteers, both male and female, ages Range between 20-45 years. They found, in males, the mean Hb concentration of 13.04 g/dl. Was significantly higher than females value of 11.63 g/dl. The RBC Count of 5.3 x1012/L in males was significantly higher than the corresponding Values of 4 x10 12/L in females. On the other hand The mean WBC Count of 8.25 x 109/L in males was lower than the mean values of 8.42 x109/L in females. Similarly the Values for platelet count of 255 x109/L in males were also Significantly lower than corresponding values of 279 x 10 9/L in females .11 Khanduri et al (2005) reported platelet counts in 25 males 25 females normal adult Indians the range being 11 1-338 (x 10 9 /L) and 137-337 ( x 10 9/L) respectively.12 Earlier Bain (1985) reported the mean platelet counts which were 288 and 262 x 109/L in Caucasian females and males respectively. 13 Casimir et al (2010) reported that Gender influences clinical presentation and markers in inflammatory diseases, in many chronic condititions frequency of complications is greater in females with the increase production of inflammatory markers like CRP (C reactive protein). Neutrophil count and ESR .14 Although numerous studies have been undertaken to examine the effects of Gender and various factor on differential blood counts but results have often been inconclusive and contradictory (Makinoda et al,1996)15 Conclusion Although blood cells of both groups are within the reference range, their being low or high in numbers is based on various factor like age, sex, body build, and nutritional, environmental and social factors with ethnic backgrounds. For clearance similar type of studies with multi subject and multi repetition are needed. References Mohson AF, Hazmi EL, Warsy As. Normal reference values for hematological parameters, red cell indices, HbA2 and HbF from early childhood through adolescence in Saudis. AS M 2001; 21: 165-169. Matoth Y, Zaizon R, Varsano I. Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. Acta Paediatr Scand 1971; 60: 371. Marwaha N, Marwaha RK, Narang A, Thusu K,Garewal G, Bhakod ON, Routine hematological values in term newborns. Indian Pediatrics 1992; 29: 1095-1099. Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical Haematology. 7th edition. Londan: Churchill Livingstone,1991. Taylor MR, Holland CV, Spencer R, Jackson JF, conner GI, Donnell JR. Haematological reference range for school children. Clin Lab Haematol 1997; 19: 1-15. Kelly A, Munan L. Haematological profile of normal populations: red cell parameters. Br J Haemtol 1977; 35: 153. Tell GS, Grimm RH, Vellar OD. The relationship of white cell count, platelet count, and hematocrit to cigarette smoking in adolescents: the Oslo Youth Study. Circulation 1985; 72: 971-974. Hou L, Jones DL, Ning H, Huffman MD, Fornage M, He K et al. White blood cell count in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in early middle age: coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Circulation 2012; 125: 11. Gilles HM, Haematology in tropical Africa. Clin Hematol 1981; 10 : 695-705. Ghafouri HM, Alfares AM, Islam SI, Ahmed AO, Jan MY. Haematological reference values assessed from birth to adolescent in Saudi subjects in the area of Jeddah. Saudi Med J 1987; 8: 575-82. Usman K, Syed ZA, Rao AA. References range values of hematological parameters in healthy Pakistani adults. Pak J Physiol 2007; 19-22. Khanduri U, Sharma A and Joshi A. occult cobalamin and folate deficiency in Indians. The national medical journal of india, 2005; 18(4): 182-183. Bain BJ Platelet count and platelet size in males and females. Scand J Haematol 1985; 35: 77-9. Casimir G, Muller S, Hanssens L, Zilberg K, Duchateau J. Gender differences in inflammatory markers in infancy. Shock, 2010, 33(3): 258-262. Makinoda S, Mikuni M, Sogame M, Kobamastsu Y, Yamada H, Yamamoto R, Fujimoto S, FUruta I. Erythropoietin, granulocyte –colony stimulating factor, interlukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 during the menstrual cycle. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 55: 265-71.

Fascism Essay -- essays research papers

On the 23 March 1919 after a series of Communist demonstrations, the almost forgotten Mussolini decided to attempt to revive his Fasci movement. A meeting was held in a hall in a Milan and was attended by some fifty malcontents. From this seemingly small and insignificant event the Fascio di Combattimento' (Combat Group) was born. Initially, it would seem that the Fasci were destined for failure with none of their candidates (including Mussolini) winning a single seat in the 1919 elections. How was it that a party with no clear programme, save a belief in action of some sort, became a ruling dictatorship little more than ten years later? By the end of 1919, Mussolini possessed hardly more than 2% of the vote in Milan, less than 5000 votes against 170,000 for the Socialists. Was this a complete disaster? At the time it seemed so; the Socialists were so confident of their success that they staged a mock funeral in Milan stopping outside Mussolini's house to invite him to attend the burial of his party. Incredibly, by 1921 the membership of this previously tiny group was to rival the size of the Socialists. How was this achieved? It was certainly by no easy means; Mussolini's skill and luck played a vital role, but he was also helped by the seemingly blind incompetence of his opponents. Mussolini's path towards the top of Italian Government was hindered by many forms of opposition. However, most of his opposition came from the Government and the rival Socialist (PSI) party. Soon after the summer of 1920 the Fascists and their opposition inevitably clashed. The fact that Gioletti's government was faced with  « million workers sitting in in factories showed that Italy was a far from stable country in 1920. Did an opportunity present itself for Mussolini to gain ground over the Socialist opposition? If it did, Mussolini certainly did not take it. He was still recovering from his party's humiliating election defeat. Eventually the union leaders, evidently surprised by this sudden, spontaneous revolutionary outburst persuaded the workers to give in in return for higher wages. Although initially it would seem that the workers had won, the strikes had sown the seeds of fear amongst Italy's Socialist opposition. The overall effect of this was that many of the opponents of Socialism joined Mussolini's Fascist' party. The Socialist party by... ...ht home the importance of opportunism and action as opposed to inactivity and fixed ideologies. As S. Lee argues, Mussolini was strongly inclined to intuitive behaviour and projected himself as a flexible pragmatist. This allowed him to make full use of the chaotic conditions in Italy, and considerably increased the Fascist party's fortunes. However, we must also consider that to a certain extent, the opposition's continued failures and misjudgments almost pushed Mussolini into power. We must also take account of the fact that Mussolini certainly had his fair share of luck - a prime example is the King's refusal to declare a state of emergency, which would have allowed the army to attack the Fascists. However, it was his ability to act out the role of the Italian people's dream leader that gave him the most success. He played upon the post-war crisis, and made it appear that Fascism was the only way in which socialism would be smashed, and Italy's society and status would be rebuilt. To the Italian people, Mussolini was the great leader they had been desperately searching for - the leader who was going to make Italy a great power, and a respected force in the world.

Iago’s Use of Language and Villainous Behavior in Shakespeare’s Othello

Iago’s Use of Language and Villainous Behavior in Shakespeare’s Othello In Othello, Shakespeare forms the villainous character, Iago through his complex language. Iago shows his evil nature towards Roderigo through his use of demeaning animal imagery. Iago also uses an extended metaphor to try and trick the ignorant Roderigo and (unknowingly to Roderigo), insults him. Lastly, Iago uses repetition to beguile Roderigo to keep paying him. Iago’s slyness is clearly seen through his deceiving language towards the end of Act I. In Act I, scene iii, line 319, Iago addresses the issue of love and lust through an extended metaphor. In this speech, after Roderigo says he wants to kill himself, Iago tries to convince Roderigo not to end his life for a woman. By doing this, he manages to give the impression that he is advising Roderigo, while at the same time insulting him and making him and others part of his plan. Iago states, â€Å"Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are gardeners† suggesting that our will (the â€Å"gardener†) has power over our bodies (â€Å"the garden†). Also...

The Impact of United States Rule on Puerto Rico Essay -- Puerto Rico H

The Impact of United States Rule on Puerto Rico Puerto Rico spent most of its history under the control of Spain. In the year 1898, the islanders wanted their freedom and welcomed the U.S. invaders as their last hope of liberation from Spanish control. The United States brought the promise of democracy to Puerto Rico, but its true intentions did not include letting go of the island. Although the United States claimed that its intentions were to civilize Puerto Rico and help it become a democratic society, its hypocritical manner of dealing with the island had a great impact on Puerto Rican development. The early years of U.S. colonization affected many aspects of Puerto Rico, including economics, politics, and social relations. When the United States first took Puerto Rico from Spain, its plans concerning what to do with the island appeared to be noble. According to Fernandez, "The United States would resurrect Puerto Rico, like Lazurus, creating, in Senator Foraker?s words, ?a new era?a new life?and prosperity far exceeding any hopes that have been excited or any anticipations that have been entertained.?(Fernandez 2)" In other words, the United States viewed Puerto Rico as something that had to be saved, and claimed that their plan was to rescue it from its inferior status and improve the standard of living. Puerto Rico was to remain under the control of the U.S. until it was capable of taking care of itself. In the words of Trà ­as-Monge: Its fundamental tenets would be that the people of Puerto Rico were not ready for self-government; a learning period, of unspecified duration, was necessary before self-government could be extended; the eventual status should be neither statehood nor independence, but a self-governing d... ... Fernandez, Ronald. The Disenchanted Island. (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1996),1-83. Guerra, Lillian. Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for self, Community, and Nation, chs. 2-3 (Gainesville: U Press of Florida, 1998) 45-121. Library of Congress, American Memory Collection, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945, Interior of shack in hills near Cidra, LC-USF34- 012349-E. http://memory.loc.gov/ Library of Congress, American Memory Collection, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico. At a strike meeting, LC-USF33- 021478-M5. Trà ­as-Monge, Josà ©. "The Shaping of a Colonial Policy," from Trà ­as-Monge, Puerto Rico:The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World (New Haven: Yale U Press, 1997)45-121.

An Overview Of Phytoremediation Environmental Sciences Essay

Phytoremediation is a set of inactive engineerings utilizing green workss to take pollutants from the environment largely dirt and land H2O, devouring merely solar-energy. Unique biological mechanisms in workss like their ability to uptake and hive away toxic contaminations, change overing toxic contaminations to less risky substances and the symbiotic association of workss with bugs in their rhizosphere are studied and applied harmonizing to the status of the site to be remediated. Plants are used in such a manner that environmental toxins are removed, degraded or immobilized resulting in healthy country sites for better and more good usage. Proper pick of workss is made. If all of import factors sing the remediative action of workss are kept in head so the debasement or remotion of harmful chemicals from dirt and H2O can be accelerated utilizing any suited method of Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation has ever been an underrated engineering and much attending was n't given to it unt il really late when successful efforts of taking heavy metals ; like arsenous anhydride, nickel, crude oil hydrocarbons, pesticides and other toxic chemicals from dirt and land H2O were reported with the usage of workss. Phytoremediation is the usage of workss to take pollutants from the environment or to covert them to less harmful compounds ( Gleba et al, 1999 ) . Plants are used in such a manner that environmental toxins are removed, degraded or immobilized resulting in healthy country sites for better and more good usage. Combinations of different engineerings are applied for efficiency but the focal point ever remains on speed uping debasement of organic contaminations and on remotion of risky heavy metals in dirt or H2O. The metals targeted in Phytoremediation include lead, Cd, Cr, arsenic and radionuclides ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . In Phytoremediation the demand to dispose off the transformed stuff to some topographic point else is excavated therefore doing the procedure easier. Phytoremediation can be done at the really site of taint known as in-situ like near the surface soils or in the deep aquifer. The option is that dirt or H2O samples from the country to be treated can be separated and Ph ytoremediation can be applied on them, this is known as ex-situ. Examples of the latter one include extracted ground H2O or surface H2O ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . Now scientists are taking acute involvement in Phytoremediation and to convey in limelight more about this works genetic sciences are besides being taken into history. There is no uncertainty that in approaching old ages Phytoremediation will go one of the most of import of all green engineerings.MECHANISMS OF PHYTOREMEDIATIONPlants carry out Phytoremediation due the many interesting and utile belongingss that they have like the capableness to pull out and concentrate assorted compounds from the environment. Others use the micro-organisms nowadays in Rhizosphere ; zone around the root, to transport out phytoremediative action. Microbial Activity in the root country: Microbes which can take phytoremediative action are present in the rhizosphere. These include both bacteriums and Fungis which make a symbiotic relationship with workss. This mechanism of Phytoremediation is termed as Phytostimulation. Plants secrete particular bio-enhancing compounds into the dirt which stimulate the bioactivity of bugs. These exudations are really a beginning of C and N because they largely include Amino acids, saccharides, polyoses, phenols and flavinoids. They support the growing of bugs that degrade toxic compounds. Root systems besides provide a high O content which enables bugs to boom easy. Fungi and other groups of bugs release extracellular enzymes which besides aid the procedure as Rhizosphere microbic debasement. Pure civilizations of Pseudomonas fluorscens and Chyrsobacterium indologenes found in rhizosphere can degrade mefenoxan, a antifungal to free acid in approx. 54 hours ( Pai et al, 2001 ) . The efficiency of rhizosphere debasement by bugs depends upon the species of workss involved because every works interacts with bugs in its ain manner ( Shaan and Boyle, 1994 ) . Root exudate straight effects the action of bugs on contaminations. If contaminations are ab/adsorbed or uptaken by works roots more, their bioavailability to microbic community lessenings. Wetting agents if added ; increase bioavailability of contaminations to microbes. Alfalfa works was studied in four different control groups: Planted diesel-contaminated and uncontaminated dirt, and Un-planted Diesel contaminated and uncontaminated dirt ( Kim et al, 2006 ) . After a stabilisation clip of 7 hebdomads the remotion efficiency was seen to be 82.5 % in deep-rooted diesel-contaminated pot while in bulk dirt of remainder of the controls it was approx. 59.4 % . Microbial activity additions in contaminated dirt as many dirt bacteriums and hydrocarbon debasers are able to boom. Microbial population is greatly affected by the conta minant itself as compared to the works roots, because the contamination is a nutrient beginning for the bugs. 2. Hyperaccumulation of heavy metals: Some workss take remove toxins expecially heavy metals and metalloids etc from dirt and H2O by uptaking and hive awaying them as in Phytoextraction. This works tissue can be harvested and treated subsequently on by ashing, smelting, drying or composting ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Metallic elements can even be recovered from the ash which reduces risky waste and besides gives us a metal resource that can be expeditiously used. Many hyperaccumulating workss frequently do non take up every bit much of the contamination as they can because it is extremely sorbed on the dirt so is non bioavailable to the works root. For illustration Brassica juncea has the familial capableness to roll up lead but it still does non get much lead into its biomass when grown in contaminated dirt. Application of chelating agents like EDTA a few yearss before crop can cut down this job of missing bioavailability. Iron-Chelating compounds like Phytosiderophores can be applied to dirty which can mobilise Cu, Zn and Mn every bit good ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Phytochelatins have been observed as efficient chelators of As in Holcus lanatus ( Raab et al, 2004 ) . Biostimulants can merely be added to dirty because they perform the action of both phytosiderophores and phytochelatins. These include humic substances, lactic acid oligomers ( Kinnersley, 1992 ) , reductases released from works roots ( Welch et al, 1992 ) and dirt souring proto ns ( Crowley et al, 1991 ) . Once the metal has been solubilized it is taken up by the roots. Plants have constitutional transporter systems for the ions that it has to take up like sultr 1 ; 2 sulfate transporter for Se or selenate ion. Nonspecific metal ion bearers and channels are present ( Clarkson and Luttge, 1989 ) and the of course needed ions and contaminant metal ions in dirt compete for these channels if they resemble structurally ( Cosio et al, 2003 ) . Apoplastic ( extracellular ) or symplastic ( intracellular tract ) is adopted for the conveyance of metals through the root and into the shoot via the xylem tissue. They travel with the xylem sap towards the foliages and are loaded in the foliages and shoot. Metallic elements may be stored in different types of cells of the foliage like the mesophyll or the cuticular cells. Arabidopsis halleri shops Zn in its mesophyll cells ( Kupper et Al, 2000 ) . The signifier in which the metal is stored besides depends on the works in some instances. Pteris vitatt a conveyances arsenite ion more expeditiously to the fronds than arsenate ion ( Wang et al, 2002 ) . In some instances, while the toxic metals are being transported to the foliages they may be converted to less toxic signifiers by complex formation or transmutation. This falls in the class of phytotransformation. Endogenous works compounds go through chelation with the toxins therefore changing their toxic belongingss. Segregation or storage of metal contaminations largely occurs in the vacuole off from any cellular metabolic tract that it may upset. The metal ions frequently remain in the cell-wall when the metal-ligand complex base on ballss though to come in the works cell because of the negative charges that the cell-wall holds ( Peer et al, 2005 ) . Segregation may happen in different compartments of the cell wall and in the vacuole varying from works to works. For illustration in Pteris vittata Arsenic is sequestered in extra-cellular and sub-cellular compartments while in Hol cus lanatus segregation occurs in vacuole. 3. Absorption of contaminations by works roots: This mechanism of consumption of contaminations in roots is dependent on the high surface country biofiltration system formed by the roots and is really efficient in ab/adsorbing pollutants particularly from H2O. This is frequently termed as Rhizofiltration and is chosen to take toxic contaminations from H2O systems like watercourses or agricultural tally away set up, industrial discharges and atomic wastes etc ( Salt et al, 1998 ) . First of all the workss are given a little sum of the contaminations in order to acclimatize or accommodate them. Once the workss are adapted to that stuff and can absorb it they are transferred to the existent site where they take up every bit much of the contamination as they can. Once the roots are saturated the workss are harvested. Plants with big root country are preferred because the whole procedure is dependent on soaking up and surface assimilation on the roots. There are opportunities that alimentary consumption will be blocked by the metal consumption because both occur through the same way. To extinguish this a ‘feeder bed ‘ is introduced ( Dushenkov et al, 1995 ) . This is an unreal dirt bed a few centimetres deep on which foods and fertilisers are applied. Plants get their nutrient from this bed, while the roots move down farther and make the site of taint excessively. Here they remove the contamination from land H2O and dirt so the two procedures do non halter each other. Many different biological procedures are involved in rhizofiltration like intracellular consumption by roots, deposition of metals in vacuoules, and translocation of metal to shoot. Deposition can happen both inside and outside of cells in the signifier of a dense aggregation, as in the instance of lead which can be seen through microscope ( Malone et al, 1974 ) . Inside the cell it occurs in vacuoles while outside in cell-walls. Lead exists as lead carbon ate in cell-wall ( Kumar et al, 1995 ) and besides binds through anionic binding ( Broyer et al, 1972 ) . It was seen by Salt and his co-workers that aqua-cultured ( grown in aerated H2O ) seedlings showed much better rhizofiltration than roots themselves ( Salt et al, 1997 ) . They called it Blastofiltration. The ground is the invariably increasing surface to volume ratio of the germinating seedlings as they are in a really immature phase of growing. 4. Removal by transition of contaminations into volatile signifier: The procedure in which workss take up contaminations in dissolved signifier with the H2O through their roots from the dirt, transport them to their foliages and so let go of them into the atmosphere via transpiration through their pore is called phytovolatilization. Compounds like Se and quicksilver are volatilized as such or can besides be converted into their biomethylated signifiers to be volatilized as in the Selenium which is foremost converted to dimethylselenide by bugs and algae and so phytovolatilized by works ( Neumann et al, 2003 ) . Brassica juncea has been identified to expeditiously take Se from dirt by volatilization ( Bauelos et al, 1990 and Bauelos et Al, 1993 ) . It was proposed that Se volatilization as methyl selenate is one of the chief mechanisms of its remotion ( Zayed and Terry, 1994 and Terry et Al, 1992 ) . A outstanding research was done in this field utilizing Arabidopsis thaliana which co ntained mercurous ion as HgCl2 ( Rugh et al, 1996 ) . Elemental quicksilver is in liquid signifier and is much more easy volatilized. A cistron coding for mercurous ion reductase was introduced into the works which reduced mercurous ion to elemental quicksilver therefore increasing quicksilver vapor production as compared to normal workss. 5. Immobilization of contaminations at the site: Here contaminations are stabilized by curtailing their motion in dirt. This is done through minimising free dust, by diminishing dirt eroding and cut downing the bioavailability and solubility of contaminations. The add-on of alkalising agents, phosphates, organic affair and bio-solids lessenings the solubility of polluting compounds in the dirt and therefore prevents it from making land H2O. Plants that have high transpiration rate like grasses etc are helpful for phytostabilization because they decrease the sum of land H2O which is taking off or assisting the contaminations mobilise in the dirt ( Suresh and Ravishankar, 2004 ) . Unlike phytoextraction, or hyperaccumulation of metals into shoot or tissues, phytostabilization chiefly focuses on segregation of the metals in the root zone but non in works tissues. Consequently, metals become less bioavailable and injury to livestock, wildlife, and worlds is reduced ( Mendez and Maier, 20 08 ) . It can be applied temporarily to immobilise the contaminations at the topographic point and halt them from distributing in the country. One must at all times be careful of the fact that a reversal of metal immobilisation can happen, with associated unfavourable environmental effects ( Alkorta et al, 2010 ) . Experiments have shown that phytostabilization has been successful in take downing the degree of lead in a sand mixture. Metal leaching or flight is reduced by change overing metals from a soluble oxidization province to an indissoluble oxidization province for illustration the transition of available toxic Chromium IV to unavailable and less-toxic Chromium ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . 6. Conversion of contaminations to less toxic compounds: Contaminants present around the works are degraded into less toxic compounds by the works itself through it enzymatic metamorphosis or the bugs in the rhizosphere carry out this transmutation. The latter instance has already been discussed as rhizosphere microbic debasement. Once the works has taken up the contamination it will hive away it in the vacuole so that its metamorphosis can be done subsequently or it will be converted to Carbon dioxide and H2O and so transpired. A common job is that of pesticides that is sprayed on workss and can go toxic for human ingestion excessively. Atrazine a pesticide is transformed to anneline ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . TCE and other chlorinated dissolvers are transformed to carbon dioxide, H2O and chloride ion ( Peer et al, 2005 ) . Poplars have widely been studied for their phytotransformational belongingss. Ammunition waste like TNT, RDX and HMX are partly transformed by them ( Thompson et al, 20 09 ) . Once the toxic compounds are broken down into smaller constructions, it can be incorporated to organize new works stuff or released as organic dirt constituents. Plants produce enzymes that have active sites that can adhere and move on common organic compounds frequently taken up by workss from dirt or other beginnings. For illustration the organic compound Nitrotoluene is wholly degraded by nitro-reductase and laccase enzyme. Besides aromatic ( cyclic ) compounds even if they are non organic can be acted upon by enzymes like oxido-reductase nowadays in the foliages, roots and roots of workss.DecisionWhile the human race is confronting jobs in economic sector, its jobs are being multiplied by the depletion of natural resources. One of the major reverses being experienced now is environmental debasement which can be fought really efficaciously by the use of workss. This helps in keeping non merely our natural resources of a clean ambiance and dirt but besides lead to a healthy nutrient web. Phytoremediation has successfully given us parts of Earth with lowered degrees of toxic metal contaminations in its dirt. On the other manus the same belongings of workss to roll up metals in them has been utilized to extinguish hint metal lacks in animate beings. Unique set of biological mechanisms of workss are studied and so applied as Phytoremediation. Plants give an consequence which is non merely aesthetically pleasant but helps halt the devastation of environment excessively. Feasibility of the technique being used can be checked by first analyzing the site to be remediated and so make up one's minding what technique ought to be used. This field of biotechnology has opened new doors towards a really bright and promising future-use of workss other than in agribusiness. All of this process is really cheap and this extremely preferred but the drawback is big span of clip required for efficient consumption of heavy metal or any other toxic compound being removed fr om the dirt country or H2O being remediated. Although Phytoremediation, being a non-agricultural usage of workss, may non assist in feeding the hapless portion of the universe but still its application will give a healthy environment assuring a better quality of life.AbbreviationBTEX: Collection of compounds ( Organic pollutants ) ; Benzene, methylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene EDTA ( chelator ) Ethylene Diamina Tetra-acetic Acid CDTA ( chelator ) Trans-1,2-Cyclohexane diamine Tetra-acetic Acid EDDHA ( chelator ) Ethylene Diamine-N, N'-bis ( 2-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic acid ) Trichloroethylene: Trichloroethylene Trinitrotoluene: 2,4,6- Trinitrotoluene RDX: Research Department Explosive besides called hexogen ; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine HMX: Nitroamine explosive called Octogen ; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazocine

Colleges Should or Should Not Offer Online Classes

Nearly 12 million post-secondary students in the United States take some or all of their classes online right now. On the other hand, approximately 15 million students take all of their classes in a physical classroom. (Adkins) What do these number say about an online education? Well, they mean that there are both positive aspects and negative aspects to taking online courses. It turns out that there are many examples of both positive and negative reasons to enroll in or to not to enroll in an online class.Firstly, there are many advantages or reasons why someone would want to take an online course. One of the main reasons people take an online course is for flexibility of time. Flexibility of time corresponds to the online classes being available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, usually. This allows for one to plan their classes around their schedule, rather than their schedule around their classes. For this reason, it is often popular for people who need to work but still want to get a college education. It is also popular for parents who are working or have small children they need to take care of.Another example would be someone who has difficulty waking up for morning classes. Online can be arranged so that you can work at your convenience of time. Another major contributing factor to a positive outlook on online classes is that there are virtually no geographical restrictions. As long as you can put yourself somewhere with Internet access, you can take the course. Along with the ability to be anywhere you want, you can also go nowhere and simply take the class from home. This means the student can save a multitude of time and gas money.A good example of someone who would utilize this would be someone who lives far away from a college, and still wanted to get a degree without having to commute back and forth many miles everyday. Online courses also give a student a larger variety of courses to choose from. If you attend a physical college, a course you might want to take may not be available. With online classes, all you have to do it some online research to find the course you are looking for. In addition to opportunity of a class being offered, there is also the opportunity of getting into a class.With online classes, the spaces offered may be greater because there are no physical limitations of space that may have limited the physical class. In addition to these obvious examples, there are a few subtle things that people may no realize at first about the advantages of online classes. One, for example, is participation. Some students may find it difficult to participate in class and therefore feel less intimidated in an online environment. Equally important for some, perhaps, is that there is no dress code. Unless there is a web cam involved, a student could be in their pajamas or even naked if they wanted to be.On the other hand, there are quite a few disadvantages to taking an online course. One of the main reasons that many people struggle with is the discipline and time management skills. There are usually a few deadlines, but besides that, the students are fully responsible for keeping up with their work and staying to a schedule. Procrastination can be a detrimental factor to failure for some. Self- motivation tends to be a key that some do not possess. Another main problem some students experience is a social problem. In this style of education there is no direct interaction with a professor in person.Some students may be okay with this but many progress and learn better from face-to-face interactions and attention from the teacher. Together with the professor are the fellow pupils that are in the class. Where as some students completely enjoy relaxing and taking a class alone, some find it very lonely and depressing. Classrooms are meant to have a welcoming environment. This environment can often be particularly difficult to replicate online. An important academic reason to perhaps not take an online cl ass is the issue of transferring credits. Some institutions will not take online credit hours.This could obviously make your time spent on taking these courses completely worthless. For this reason, many people do not risk online courses and stick to physical classrooms with a definite reliable credit transfer capability. Finally, along with all of these examples, comes perhaps the most obvious one of all. To take an online course you need to have a computer. This means that the student has to actually be capable of using that computer too. Online courses are designed for ones own pace usually, but the majority of time spent on the task should not be figuring out how to work the computer.A student does not need to be a computer expert, but needs to be computer literate and relatively comfortable with the technology they will be using. The functioning of the computer not only depends on the student’s knowledge and skill, but also depends on the reliability of the computer. The computer is going to need to have at least a decent setup and also probably have a high-speed connection. For most even considering an online education this is usually doable, but it is not always the case.To sum it all up, online courses are a preferential decision based on an individual students research and the college’s interest in such a technique of learning. There are many positive and negative factors a college should consider before deciding to offer or not to offer online classes. The same can said for students deciding whether or not to take online classes. Online classes are a slowly increasing popular way of learning and teaching. The only way that one can decide to provide or take these courses is by looking at the research done and the facts known.

Pulse and Heart Rate Essay

1. Determine your heart rate by taking your radial pulse and then your carotid pulse. What was your heart rate in each instance? For my radial pulse my heart rate was 86 beats per minute. For my carotid pulse my heart rate was 90 beats per minute. Explain which artery you found easier to use and why. The artery that I found easier to use was the carotid artery and my reason for that is because the pulse felt stronger. 2. Which two websites did you use to determine your target heart rate? The two websites I used to determine my target heart are www.active.com/fitness and www.webmd.com/body-bmi-calculator 3. What was your target heart rate zone on each of these websites? Were the zones the same? According to Active.com my target heart rate is between 101-131 beats per minute. Webmd.com determined my target heart rate to be between 101-131 beats per minute. Yes, the heart rate zones were very similar. 4. Do you think the range for your target heart rate zones identified by these websites is reasonable? Why or why not? Yes, I do think that the range of my target heart rate zone is reasonable because my heart rate should be faster when I am exercising. 5. How does understanding your target heart rate zone help you improve your physical fitness? Understanding your target heart rate zone can help improve your physical fitness because it can help you maintain your intensity level when exercising. 6. Describe a physical activity you have done before when you have failed the talk test. What would you change about that activity in order to pass the talk test? One physical activity that I have done before where I had failed the talk test was when I had to swim out to a marking point in a lake. What I would change about that activity so I can pass the talk test is to practice more on my swimming.

Push and Pull Factors in the Tourism Industry Essay

Gogo (formerly known as Aircell), is an innovation company, becoming leaders in providing inflight connectivity. The company began in 1991, when they began creating telephone systems for aircrafts, they progressed from this and in 2006 began creating a broadband network for aircraft. In 2008, they launched this new system into commercial flights and since then they have been offering this service for various American airlines including US Airways, Virgin America and American Airlines (Gogo 2013). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the recent experience of using Gogo Wi-Fi on an American Airlines flight, and investigate the strategy of Gogo, with reference to the innovation dilemmas when creating this new service. The experience occurred on an American Airlines flight from San Francisco to Los Angeles, although the technology had been available for a few years, this was the first time the consumer had experienced Wi-Fi whilst flying. Although the consumer had no need for the Internet on their flight and only purchase it to update their Facebook status, they recognised the benefits of having the internet on long haul flights, this included people being able to check emails and stay in touch with people and it also provides people with the ability to download entertainment from online sources and no longer be limited to the selection provided by the airline. Due to the nature of the Airline industry, at the core level it can be viewed as a generic offering across the industry. This resulting in airlines often creating a differentiation strategy, in order to gain a competitive advantage as they seek to increase the value of the product/service on offer to the consumer (Hooley et al, 2012). The Gogo Company acknowledged that their innovation could provide a service to Airlines that will enable them to differentiate themselves. This can be identified on the Gogo website, as it states ‘By differentiating your airline and providing a memorable passenger experience, you stand to gain loyalty among your valued flyers†¦lets you custom wrap the video portal, so your brand is consistently comes forth whenever passengers are connected’ (Gogo 2013). In 2009, American Airlines announced it would be using Gogo services on their domestic flights, costing the airline $100 000 to install (Semuels, 2009). This therefore shows that American Airlines have recognised the benefits and the increase ticket sales and revenue they could receive by advertising Gogo Internet is now a part of inflight entertainment. When innovation occurs within a company, they must consider the following innovation dilemmas, whether the product or service is a technology push or market pull, product or process innovation, open or closed innovation and finally a technological or business-model innovation. Technology push is when innovation is pushed by technologist or scientist who pass this information onto the company, from there they will manage, promote and distribute this new innovation. This can be compared to market push, this is when companies create innovation based on what the ‘lead users’ are doing in that particular industry (Johnson et al, 2011). One aspect that has enable Gogo to overcome this dilemma, is by listening to what the market wants and ensuring they are up to date with the current market technological tends. Product Innovation is when emphasis on innovation is placed on the finally product, whereas in process innovation is when innovation is focused on the production and distribution (Johnson et al, 2011). At the beginning Gogo was focused on the product innovation, but as the company has grown, they have shifted to process innovation. This can be identified on the Gogo website stating that ‘1 in 4 people consider their laptop, tablet or IPad an essential carry on item’ (Gogo 2013), therefore Gogo has had to ensure its innovation is compatible across the multiple devices. Open innovation is when companies improve their innovation through gaining ideas through internal and external personnel. This can be compared to closed innovation, when innovation is based on internal personnel (Johnson et al, 2011). Gogo tend to go for closed innovation to ensure they remain leaders in the industry however ensuring they are receiving feedback from their clients to ensure they are meeting their needs. Technological or business-model innovation, technological innovation is when innovation is relied on new science or technology, whereas business-model innovation emphasises on creating new models that will bring stakeholders together in a new method (Johnson et al, 2011). Gogo began as a technological innovation, however has become a business-model innovation for companies using Gogo products and service, as it changes the way they sell and promote their airline company. Overall, Gogo are the market leaders and innovators in inflight communications services. And from reviewing the company’s current strategy, it can be recognised that will continue to be market leaders as they are aware of the demands from today’s consumers, and are constantly updating, innovating and meeting these demands. Although by company innovating new products or services, it dose propose the risk of innovation dilemmas, Gogo has proven that they can overcome these dilemmas and continue to lead and grow.