7 Types of Euphemism

7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism 7 Types of Euphemism By Mark Nichol Euphemisms, words or phrases that substitute for provocative or emotionally charged terms, are employed for various reasons: 1. Abstraction: Some euphemisms serve to distance people from unpleasant or embarrassing truths, as when we say that a dead person passed away or a celebrity who has canceled an appearance is suffering from exhaustion. 2. Indirection: A euphemism may replace an explicit description of an action, as when people speak of going to the bathroom or of others sleeping together. 3. Litotes: Sometimes, euphemism occurs in the form of this rhetorical device in which the gravity or force of an idea is softened or minimized by a double negative, as in the reference to someone as being not unattractive. 4. Mispronunciation: Alteration of pronunciation is a form of euphemism, as when we say frigging or shoot, or jeez or cripes, so as not to offend people by using profanity (figurative or literal). These types of euphemisms, involving rhyme, alliteration, or shortening, are also called minced oaths. 5. Modification: A bluntly offensive noun can be transformed into a euphemism by converting it to an adjective, as in saying someone has socialist leanings rather than labeling them a socialist outright. 6. Personification: One form of euphemism is when things that some people prefer not to mention candidly, such as genitals, are assigned personal names. (I will go beyond euphemism and let readers think of examples on their own.) 7. Slang: Much of slang, derived to produce a vocabulary exclusive to a social group, is euphemism, as in the use of joint for marijuana (itself a slang term, derived from the Spanish names Mary and Juana closely related to â€Å"Mary Jane,† yet another euphemism). Corporations and government bureaucracies, including military services, are masters are creating euphemisms of abstraction and indirection such as pre-owned for used, effluent for pollution, and â€Å"collateral damage† in place of â€Å"accidental killing.† Euphemism is also often employed in an attempt to make polite reference to physical or psychological disability, though some people argue that while a trend toward ever more euphemistic language seems to accord people so labeled more respect, euphemism can also diminish the public perception of the seriousness of the condition. Not all euphemism is deplorable, but much of it is, and writers and editors must search their consciences and uphold their principles in deciding whether to couch terms or whether to use straightforward language. Although an increased likelihood of euphemism seems to correlate with the extent of distribution of a publication, it is also often true that the more widespread the readership of a publication, the safer it is for those who produce its content to be blunt and honest. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict15 Great Word Games25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

Free Essays on Emily Dickenson

In the poem, â€Å"I’m Nobody,† by the famous poet Emily Dickenson, she talks about people being a nobody. Quite a few people believe that being a nobody symbolizes failure. This statement is completely false. Being a nobody can make a person work harder and realize they actually deserve what they receive in life. A somebody does not always work as hard because they are given large amounts of gifts for no reason by the hundreds of people they know. Also, in the time the poem was written, people were only considered â€Å"somebody† if they were so rich they did not have to work. The reader might agree with the author because being a nobody can make a person work much harder so they can succeed. A nobody may also notice that since they are not given any extras in life, they deserve everything they achieve. An unknown person without any friends is more likely to work harder than a movie star with tons of money and a great deal of friends because they are not given any shortcuts to a problem. For example, if a nobody goes to a hotel, trashes their room and is extremely loud during the night, they will probably get kicked out and have to pay for all of the expensive items they ruined. If a somebody did the same thing they might not have to pay for the damage or get kicked out simply because of what their position is in social stature. So the majority of nobodies are going to work much harder to get out of a situation than a somebody. The reader might agree with Emily Dickenson because being a somebody can make a person indolent. When a person is a somebody, it could make them not try as hard because they are given things that they do not have to work for. To illustrate, pop stars always get free items sent to them just for being a somebody. This makes them indolent because they can just sit around without doing anything and still receive gifts. Emily Dickenson also implies this in her poem when she wrote, â€Å"To tell your name the livelon... Free Essays on Emily Dickenson Free Essays on Emily Dickenson Emily Dickinson As one of the most remarkable writers of all time, Emily Dickinson accomplished many achievements during times in her hometown, Amherst. Her source â€Å"of knowledge of ecstasy and despair that infuses her poetry† (Hertzburg) remains unknown. She experienced love and loss through her life that could have inspired her to fulfill her writing career. Although â€Å"she lived in one town, in one house, all her life, little is known about her†(Hertzburg). Born to Edward and Emily Dickinson on December 10, 1830, Emily had two siblings, a brother named Austin and a sister named Lavinia, and of all three, Edward, her father, favored Emily (Brooks). She started schooling in 1840, and attended Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary where she was loved for her wit and free spirit (Internet). After seven years at the academy, she â€Å"retired from the community† (Hertzburg) almost never coming out of her house. Dressing all in white, Emily would speak only to her friends from around corners never revealing her face (Brooks 452-453). Reverend Charles Wadworth, Samuel Bowles, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson became the three loves of her life. Reverend Charles Wadworth, an older, married man (Hertzburg), met Emily in 1855 then stopped correspondence with her in 1882(Internet). Around 1858, she fell in love with Samuel Bowles who edited the Springfield Daily Republican, and published one of her earliest poems (Hertzburg). In 1878, Samuel Bowles died, and inspires the writing of â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† (Internet). Thomas Wentworth Higginson received many of Emily’s works and then gave advice, but he was ignored. They shared love in the late 1870’s, and his influence shows in her writings (Brooks 455). Emily, living to be 56 years old, died on May 15, 1886, leaving us with over 1800 poems (Internet). Themes included: death, love denied, and isolation; these themes related to her life making her... Free Essays on Emily Dickenson Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. Critics call Emily Dickinson’s poem a masterpiece with strange â€Å"haunting power.† In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols, and in the use of imagery that exudes creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives- â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"passed†- to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, â€Å"We slowly drove- He knew no haste / †¦We passed the School †¦ / We passed the Setting Sun- ,† sets a slow, quiet, calm, and dreamy atmosphere (5, 9, 11, 12). â€Å"One thing that impresses us,† one author wrote, â€Å"is the remarkable placidity, or composure, of its tone† (Gr eenberg 128). The tone in Dickinson’s poem will put its readers’ ideas on a unifying track heading towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson’s masterpiece lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of - the â€Å"School,† â€Å"Gazing Grain,† â€Å"Setting Sun,† and the â€Å"Ring†- much is gathered to complete the poem’s central idea. Emily brought to light the mysteriousness of life’s cycle. Ungraspable to many, the cycle of one’s life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. These three stages are recognized by Mary N. Shaw as follows: â€Å"School, where children strove†(9) may represent childhood; â€Å"Fields of Gazing Grain†(11), maturity; and â€Å"Setting Sun† (12) old age† (21). In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symboli zed in the last two lines of the poem, the â€Å"Horses Heads† (23), leading â€Å"towards Eternity† (24). Dickinson fathomed the incomprehensible progre... Free Essays on Emily Dickenson In the poem, â€Å"I’m Nobody,† by the famous poet Emily Dickenson, she talks about people being a nobody. Quite a few people believe that being a nobody symbolizes failure. This statement is completely false. Being a nobody can make a person work harder and realize they actually deserve what they receive in life. A somebody does not always work as hard because they are given large amounts of gifts for no reason by the hundreds of people they know. Also, in the time the poem was written, people were only considered â€Å"somebody† if they were so rich they did not have to work. The reader might agree with the author because being a nobody can make a person work much harder so they can succeed. A nobody may also notice that since they are not given any extras in life, they deserve everything they achieve. An unknown person without any friends is more likely to work harder than a movie star with tons of money and a great deal of friends because they are not given any shortcuts to a problem. For example, if a nobody goes to a hotel, trashes their room and is extremely loud during the night, they will probably get kicked out and have to pay for all of the expensive items they ruined. If a somebody did the same thing they might not have to pay for the damage or get kicked out simply because of what their position is in social stature. So the majority of nobodies are going to work much harder to get out of a situation than a somebody. The reader might agree with Emily Dickenson because being a somebody can make a person indolent. When a person is a somebody, it could make them not try as hard because they are given things that they do not have to work for. To illustrate, pop stars always get free items sent to them just for being a somebody. This makes them indolent because they can just sit around without doing anything and still receive gifts. Emily Dickenson also implies this in her poem when she wrote, â€Å"To tell your name the livelon... Free Essays on Emily Dickenson Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. Critics call Emily Dickinson’s poem a masterpiece with strange â€Å"haunting power.† In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols, and in the use of imagery that exudes creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives- â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"passed†- to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, â€Å"We slowly drove- He knew no haste / †¦We passed the School †¦ / We passed the Setting Sun- ,† sets a slow, quiet, calm, and dreamy atmosphere (5, 9, 11, 12). â€Å"One thing that impresses us,† one author wrote, â€Å"is the remarkable placidity, or composure, of its tone† (Gr eenberg 128). The tone in Dickinson’s poem will put its readers’ ideas on a unifying track heading towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson’s masterpiece lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of - the â€Å"School,† â€Å"Gazing Grain,† â€Å"Setting Sun,† and the â€Å"Ring†- much is gathered to complete the poem’s central idea. Emily brought to light the mysteriousness of life’s cycle. Ungraspable to many, the cycle of one’s life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. These three stages are recognized by Mary N. Shaw as follows: â€Å"School, where children strove†(9) may represent childhood; â€Å"Fields of Gazing Grain†(11), maturity; and â€Å"Setting Sun† (12) old age† (21). In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symboli zed in the last two lines of the poem, the â€Å"Horses Heads† (23), leading â€Å"towards Eternity† (24). Dickinson fathomed the incomprehensible progre...

Cooling fan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cooling fan - Research Paper Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present a process of creating new products to be sold by an enterprise or business to its customers. The process of product design aims at effective and efficient generation of ideas through processes, which lead to new products. The process of product design evaluates and conceptualizes ideas, making them tangible via a systematic approach. The process entails a combination of science, technology, and art to create three dimensional goods. In the recent past, the evolvement of digital tools, facilitate communication between designer, analysis of ideas, and their visualization, thus empowering the dynamism of the process. Educationalist should not confuse product design with industrial design. Industrial design entails the artistic process, whose usability and form associates with craft design in mass production. In the recent past, it is evident that the products are getting complex, as the data turns to be expansive. This is also a challenge facing the engineering industry as a result of the overall growth. Designs suggested by top products designers and engineers have come to lose market share. All in all, teams of engineers are implementing other strategies to cope with the prevailing situations, such as teaming up to make a product design project. The ideas are taking effect, and ides are getting to admirable levels by teams from different environment merging up to design a new product. As designers and engineers claim that they leap cost benefits from globalization of product design, the process will get more complex that before as designers are adopting new design strategies. Among other significant external factors affecting the process of product design are competition, business environment, and technological dynamisms. All in all, some of these factors enhance creativity and innovations as individuals’ engineers will aim at giving the best of their capability. An external factor such as technol ogy is challenging design processes as it requires the designers to keep track with its changes. This aspect calls for keenness and caution in identifying the prevailing demands in the global market (Takashi, 2009). A fan is a crucial simple machine used in different spheres of life, which include homes, vehicles, and machines among others. The general design of a fan entails blades of vanes which act on a fluid. In most cases, he fluid is air; it is at times designed in a housing case or the air. The dictation of such as aspects depends on the functionalities of the fan. The design of the case aims at directing the flow of air to prevent damages. An electric motor powers ordinary fans; for complex fans, solar energy, hydraulic motors, and internal combustion engines suit the purpose. The general design of a fan has never changed since 1890. However, slight changes occur when designing fans to serve various needs (Takashi, 2009). The need of integrated product raised in the beginnin g of the last two decades. This keeps designers awake so as to be up-to-date with the demands of the customers; however, the extent of the dynamism of a product depends on the functionalities of the individual product. Items such as machinery, clothing, and electronics are dynamic because the users want to identify themselves with monopoly and uniqueness. However, the production industry of fans is different as it the structure of the fun is easy, unlike that of other components. From different market research, we can conclude that the market needs of for the fan constricts to its functionalities other

Talkshows in America (infuence they have on people) Essay

Talkshows in America (infuence they have on people) - Essay Example But then these shows or discussions could only be attended by a group of people living in the proximity of the places where those meetings or discussions were arranged. And contrary to what is today, earlier people from other parts of the world were not aware of such events or discussions, as there was no medium through which others could witness these events. But with the invention of Television and Radio, the world came closer, and people from all over the world could hear them on Radio or see them and hear them on Television. In the early twentieth century, Radio was the only medium of entertainment. According to the historian, Wayne Munson, the first ever Talk Show was broadcasted on Radio over WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts in the year 1921. It was related with farming. Usually experts conducted such talks and the purpose of arranging these programs was for educating the audiences. The hosts of these shows took the audiences in altogether different world of knowledge and entertainment. One Mr. Alexander Woolcott on WOR in New York shared his experiences of the different kind of people he met and the books he read, on the radio. Thus, at that time, hosts were the people who spoke and the audiences listened to what they said. Audiences were passive listeners and there was no one to one interaction between the host and the audience. But in 1930's there was a sudden change and the audience became an active member of these shows. In a radio program hosted by Houston called Vox Populi, a recorded intervie w of a man on the street was broadcasted. Thus audiences were enthralled by this innovative idea of involving audiences in the program, which thereby increased the popularity of that program. Thus many other producers too were inspired by this idea and they too copied the same. This is how the audiences were also involved in the programs. It was for the first time in the program of Barry Gray on WMCA that a phone call was received while the program was on air. Thereafter, 'audience request lines' were developed and the novel idea of playing music on the request of audience was implemented. (Ellen Hume - Talk Show Culture) In the year 1948, after the invention of television, people began to enjoy the audiovisual programs. It was during this time that people could actually see their favorite celebrities talk on the shows. Talk show, was a program on television, wherein a certain group of people came together to discuss certain issues. It was conducted by a host and different people who were experts in that particular field were invited on the show. The host before conducting the show prepared the outline of the program keeping in mind the public interest. And he invited the experts who could speak on this topic very well and who could answer the questions of the spectators satisfactorily. The show was generally interactive. The concept of Talk Shows was an outcome of the fusion of news and entertainment. It was informative as well as entertaining. In a talk show the host asks questions to the experts and they answer those questions. Sometimes if a small group of experts are invited then there is a group discussion on certain topics. With every expert or participant giving his personal opinions, the spectators can make a study of that particular topic from different angels. The topics selected for Talk Shows are mostly sensitive or have great

COM100 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COM100 - Movie Review Example 1. Primary Identity - is the identity that we cultivate from our childhood based upon social norms and expectations. For Joey, this meant that his primary identity was that of a strong man who can handle any problems that his life may based upon his gender training and confidence in himself. 2. Secondary Identity- is the identity that one needs to cultivate based upon his situation in life. In the case of Joey, he had to get in touch with his feminine side and accept a job that was traditionally assigned to a woman due to his financial needs. Being a â€Å"manny† thus became his secondary identity in life. These reasons combined to force him to redefine himself a man and a member of society who is still more of his primary identity rather than his secondary identity. 3. Characteristics of Identity - Joey is the perfect example of a man who is highly confident of both his primary and secondary identities because he displays both a fixed and dynamic level of identity depending upon which particular identity he is portraying at the time. His secondary identity of cultivated by his interaction within the family circle of his employer and his willingness to perform the secondary identity tasks such as cooking, cleaning, ironing, grocery shopping, handyman jobs, etc. It is because of Joeys unique character on the show that â€Å"Melissa and Joey† makes for an interesting episode based show study of the ways and methods by which individual identities are created and

Aristotle: The Three Kinds Of Friendship

Aristotle: The Three Kinds Of Friendship In book VIII of Aristotles The Nicomachean Ethics (1999; 1156a6 1156a30), the notion of The Three Kinds of Friendship (Philia) is expressed. Holding that there are three basic kinds or species of friendship that bind us together expressing that in respect to each there exists a mutual and recognised love. Utility, pleasure, virtue and the good can attract and bind us together in an association of friendship, essentially we become friends with certain individuals because they are either: useful to us, provide us with pleasure, or they attain to the principles of virtue and the good. In pursuing friendship by way of our actions we can have three goals in mind. The three objects of love that which we strive to achieve being: utility, pleasure and the good. Friendships of utility and pleasure pertain to self-indulgent and self-centred natures and are therefore only friendships in a truncated effect, they are prone to dissolution due the changeable nature of our wants and desires effecti ng what we find useful or pleasurable. Aristotle states that in such friendships love is only incidental with one not precisely loving the other at all but only his own good. Hence these relationships are seen to be incomplete or imperfect. To base a friendship on utility is not to love the other in their own right but to gain some good from them, in relation to one or both the parties involved. Aristotle relates this kind of friendship to that of a commercial transaction between two parties or a relation of two old men who provide each other with mutual support in their twilight years. Friendships of pleasure characteristic of the young whom are compelled by impulse and desire are sought as means of attaining pleasure from another. Like the desires that spawn them they are transient by nature but can be cherished and are held in higher esteem than friendships based on utility, as they can be sought for their own sake, involving a sharing of pleasures what gives life a certain sweet ness. Although the emphasis here by way of desire leans towards erotic relationships friendships of pleasure can also be based on pleasure such a conversation. The complete friendship is one based on virtue and moral goodness, existing between people of equal moral and virtuous standing these good people are similar in virtue wishing goods to each other for each others sake. These men acting by way of virtue complement each other incidental to each others wants or needs they simply admire the other in relation to the good and attain usefulness and pleasure to the highest degree. Complete friendships are then rare, raising the problem: can anyone really have a true friendship in the eyes of Aristotle? How many people can really attain to this idea of the good man? Is it possible to be that morally good and virtuously astute? Friendship is a term we know very well one that is important to all of us in our everyday lives. Aristotle here is expressing friendship in terms of the Greek word Philia. The conception is altogether different form our modern interpretation, more extensive in its interpretation. Philia can exist in the family sphere as well as in relation to being a citizen and the duties that that entails even as far to include peoples relations to natural phenomena. Aristotle grounds his discussion of friendship in praxis: practical reason. Human beings act in search of an end or goal in search of the good. To act in accordance with the good is to act virtuously, the ultimate end being happiness or flourishing. The differences between the three objects of love are differences of degree. Friendships of utility and pleasure resemble that of the good but are incomplete formulations and only resemble that of the good. In essence utility and pleasure are incidental and extrinsic not being sought for their own sake but, for an external gain or benefit. Essentially all relationships can useful, pleasurable and good, but, a truly excellent virtuous relationship should be sought in accordance with the good as a final end. These good people develop good character by way of acting virtuously perfected by habit (Hexis). One cannot simply learn virtue. Instead a cultivation of habits is required with experienced grounded in life to become virtuous you must a ct in accordance with virtue, do virtuous things. The notion of sameness is also introduced: a perfect integration of oneself into friendship creating a perfect oneness. One must also be conscious or aware of the other, each reflecting on what is good for the other. This criteria together as one creates a primary friendship.

Free College Admissions Essays: Leadership Qualities :: College Admissions Essays

Leadership Qualities  Ã‚   The most meaningful and challenging experiences in my life have been through sports and the 4-H club. They have instilled the values of perseverance, confidence, and teamwork within me. I feel that my peers and others could learn valuable life lessons through participating in these organizations. They are not just clubs, but a guiding light for life. For example in sports I have had the opportunity to play on both losing and winning teams. This has given me a different perspective of looking at things. I now realize that even if you fail or lose that is no reason to give up, you still have to get right back up. Just realize your mistakes and errors. Then come back the next time, mentally and physically, ready to meet the challenge. To often in life youth and adults alike fail at something and automatically think that they cannot do it, and give up. Instead of just pushing themselves to run another lap, lift another set, study for another hour, or learn another theorem. Imagine a worl d if the early American settlers had given in to the British, if the North had given in to the South after the first loss of the civil war, or if Michael Jordan had given up after being cut from the team in high school. People just need to learn to have perseverance and believe in themselves. 4-H has been a series of stepping-stones for me. When I first started out at age four I was shy and afraid to do things that I had not done before, but now I have blossomed into a confident and outgoing young man. I no longer fear getting up in front of large groups and speaking because of the experiences I've had in public speaking events. In addition, 4-H has given me the chance to develop myself as a leader. Over the years I have held various leadership positions on the club, county, and district levels. Also, 4-H has given me the chance to go into the community and help people by leading youth in workshops, assisting the handicap and elderly, and also learn from what others have to teach. I n both of these organizations I learned the need for teamwork. For example last year my football team went 0-11 and the main reason because of that was we were not a team.

Microsoft vs Foss

Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Holly Stark ITT Technical IT 302 Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the claims from Microsoft that FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) committed patent infringement in 2006. It also discusses how the events have impacted FOSS, whether negatively or positively and how the actions have changed both since 2006. Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Free software is wonderful and corporate America seems to love it. It's often high-quality stuff that can be downloaded free off the Internet and then copied at will.It's versatile – it can be customized to perform almost any large-scale computing task – and best of all its crash-resistant. More than half the companies in the Fortune 500 are thought to be using the free operating system Linux in their data centers. In 2006, Microsoft cast a shadow over Free and Open Source Software by alleging that they had violated 235 patents such as the Linux kernel, Samba, OpenOff ice. org and others. Foss’s legal representative Eben Moglen contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and, as such, not patentable. Parloff, R. 2007) But what of Microsoft’s claims? Are they valid? But first to answer that you need to understand what a patent really is. A patent is essentially a limited monopoly whereby the patent holder is granted the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented innovation for a limited period of time. Granting exclusive rights to the inventor is intended to encourage the investment of time and resources into the development of new and useful discoveries. Once the term of protection has ended, the patented innovation enters the public domain.The problem of the patentability of software has become one of the most debated issues with regards to open source software. The Supreme Court stated in a unanimous opinion that patents have been issued too readily for the past two decades, and lots are probably invalid. For a va riety of technical reasons, many dispassionate observers suspect that software patents are especially vulnerable to court challenge. This ruling works in FOSS’s favor. Patents can be invalidated in court on numerous grounds; others can easily be â€Å"invented around. Still others might be valid, yet not infringed under the particular circumstances. FOSS has some well known patrons working in its corner as well. In 2005, six of them – IBM (Charts, Fortune 500), Sony, Philips, Novell, Red Hat (Charts) and NEC – set up the Open Invention Network (OIN) to acquire a portfolio of patents that might pose problems for companies like Microsoft, which are known to pose a patent threat to Linux. So if Microsoft ever sued Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. Parloff, R. 2007) A preliminary legal analysis of FOSS licenses conducted seems to suggest that the novel l icensing model used by FOSS is legally valid, a fact that lends substantial credit to the movement. Other indications as to the soundness of the licenses are also encouraging; a ruling in Germany that has recognized the validity of the General Public License (GPL) ( J. Hoppner,2004), which further serves to stress that FOSS is a global phenomenon that is revolutionizing the entire field of software development.Microsoft realized that something had to change when it comes to patents. They basically had three choices. They could do nothing, it could start suing other companies to stop them from using its patents, or, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies in exchange for either royalties or access to their patents (a â€Å"cross-licensing† deal). They chose to do the latter. In December 2003, Microsoft's new licensing unit opened for business, and soon the company had signed cross-licensing pacts with such tech firms as Sun, Toshiba, SAP and Siemens.On Novemb er 2, 2006, Microsoft went public and announced a partnership with Novell to collaborate to help Microsoft's Windows, a proprietary operating system, work with Novell's Suse Linux, which is based on open-source code. In addition, the software makers struck a deal on patents designed to give customers peace of mind about using Novell's open-source products. This partnership made Novell the only company in the industry that was able to provide the customer not only with the code to run Linux, but also with a patent covenant from Microsoft. Evers, Joris 2006) Some thought that it showed that Microsoft was kind of being forced to see Linux as a significant competitor and the FOSS model as a viable business model. (Upfold, Peter 2006) My personal opinion is that this was an attack on the open source community. Microsoft hasn’t actually changed its tune; it’s still actively attacking free software and trying to abolish GNU/Linux while promoting Windows and other proprietary software as though they are complementary to free software, which they are not. It’s PR nonsense and Microsoft is good at PR.Since then, Novell was sold in 2010 to Attachmate Corp. and a concurrent sale of certain intellectual property assets was sold to CPTN Holdings LLC, a consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation. It plays right into the hands of Microsoft’s PR campaign, which strives for a fusion where Microsoft controls both sides of the competition and then derails the side which is less favorable to Microsoft. Microsoft has done that over and over again for many years and victims include giants like IBM and Apple.While FOSS licenses generally protect end user freedom in the realm of copyright, they have no effective protection against threats from software patents, especially from entities outside the FOSS community. In responding to the threat from software patent holders, the FOSS community has created innovative licensing schemes. ( Davidson, S. J 2006) Permissive licenses, such as the Apache licenses, have different patent rights clauses from reciprocal licenses, such as the MPL and GPL. In dealing with potential patent claims, GPL 2. has a â€Å"Freedom or Death† termination clause – â€Å"any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. † GPL 2. 0 does not allow the development of software that requires any kind of license payments for third party patents. (Hacker. J. n. d. ) GPL 3. 0 was drafted to cope with global software patent threats and to provide compatibility with more non-GPL FOSS licenses. The current GPL draft 3. 0 keeps GPL 2. 0’s copyleft feature and includes new provisions addressing evolving computing issues, such as patent issues, free software license compatibility, and digital rights management (â€Å"DRM†). McMillan, R 2007) As of today, Microsoft is still attacking free software with two types of tactics. The tactics largely include litigation and the use of so-called Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt (FUD) tactics designed to undermine the popular perception of the open source philosophy. This year alone they have won several cases either outright, in appeal or countersuits against Motorola’s Android features. The rest of the FOSS community seems to be on edge and waiting to see what happens next.

Colorado River Essays - Imperial Valley, Colorado River, Free Essays

Colorado River Essays - Imperial Valley, Colorado River, Free Essays Colorado River Geography Colorado River Geographers can tell you that the one thing that most rivers and their adjacent flood plains in the world have in common is that they have rich histories associated with human settlement and development. This especially true in arid regions which are very dependent upon water. Two excellent examples are the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates rivers which show use the relationship between rivers and concentrations of people. However, the Colorado River is not such a good example along most segments of its course. There is no continuous transportation system that parallels the rivers course, and settlements are clustered. The rugged terrain and entrenched river channels are the major reasons for sparse human settlement. We ask ourselves, did the Colorado River help or hinder settlement in the Western United States? As settlers began to move westward, the Southwest was considered to be a place to avoid. Few considered it a place to traverse, to spread Christianity, and a possible source of furs or mineral wealth. Finding a reliable or accessible water source, and timber for building was difficult to find. There was a lack of land that could be irrigated easily. By the turn of the century, most present day cities and towns were already established. Trails, roads, and railroads linked several areas with neighboring regions. Although the Colorado River drainage system was still not integrated. In the mid 1900s many dams had been built to harness and use the water. A new phase of development occurred at the end of the second World War. There was a large emphasis on recreation, tourism, and environmental preservation. The terrain of the Colorado River is very unique. It consists of Wet Upper Slopes, Irregular Transition Plains and Hills, Deep Canyonlands, and the Dry Lower Plains. Wet Upper Slopes: Consist of numerous streams that feed into the Colorado River from stream cut canyons, small flat floored valleys often occupied by alpine lakes and adjacent steep walled mountain peaks. These areas are heavily forested and contain swiftly flowing streams, rapids, and waterfalls. These areas have little commercial value except as watershed, wildlife habitat, forest land, and destinations for hikers, fishermen, and mountaineers. Irregular Transition Plains and Hills: These areas are favorable for traditional economic development. It consists of river valleys with adequate flat land to support farms and ranches. Due to the rolling hills, low plateaus, and mountain slopes, livestock grazing is common. The largest cities of the whole drainage system are found here. Deep Canyonlands: Definitely the most spectacular and least developed area along the Colorado River. These deep gorges are primarily covered by horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, of which sand stone is the most abundant. The Grand Canyon does not only display spectacular beauty, but numerous other features such as mesas, buttes, spires, balancing rocks, natural arches and bridges, sand dunes, massive sandstone walls, and pottholed cliffs. Dry Lower Plains: These consist of the arid desert areas. These areas encounter hot summers and mild winters. Early settlement was limited because most of the land next to the river was not well suited for irrigation agriculture. The area is characterized by limited flat land, poor soils, poor drainage, and too hot of conditions for most traditional crops. The Colorado River was first navigated by John Wesley Powell, in his 1869 exploration through the Marble and Grand Canyons. The Colorado River begins high in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The water begins from melting snow and rain, and is then supplemented by the Gunnison, Green, San Juan, Little Colorado, Virgin, and Gila Rivers. Before any dams were built, the Colorado River carried 380,000 million tons of silt to the Sea of Cortez. Along its path, it carves out the Marble, Grand, Black, Boulder, and Topok Canyons. The Grand Canyon being the most popular, which is visited by numerous tourists every year, plays a large role in western tourism. The Grand Canyon is in fact one of the Worlds Seven Wonders. The Colorado Basin covers 240,000 square miles of drainage area. At certain points along the river, it turns into a raging, muddy, rapid covered mass of water. Unlike other rivers, the Colorado River doesnt meet the ocean in a grand way, but rather in a small trickle. Almost all of the water that passes down the river is spoken for. It passes through seven Western States, travels 1,700 miles, and descends more than 14,000 feet before emptying into the sea, with more silt and salinity than any river in North America. A river not used for commerce, or any degree of navigation other than recreational, and virtually ignored until

Siddartha Essays

Siddartha Essays Siddartha Essay Siddartha Essay Essay Topic: Siddhartha Siddartha’s life-from birth to enlightenment to death is entwined with scriptures based on his teachings; together they form the essence of the Buddhist tradition. Siddhartha set out on his quest at a time of great spiritual ferment in India, when ascetic philosophers and wandering sages were debating fundamental questions that remained central to the Indian religious traditions through subsequent centuries. Four stages to Siddartha`s quest Siddhartha undertook a quest that was split into four main parts. These are understanding, escape from self, knowledge of self, and wisdom, (enlightenment). The first part, understanding, involved him living with his father who was a brahmin. Siddhartha realized that he made everybody else happy but that he himself was not.   He also got the feeling that he had already learned the best of what his teachers had to teach but it still was not enough.   He still was not satisfied. It was after meditating with Govinda that he realized what he had to do.   In an attempt to reach the arrows goal, he would leave his father to join the Samanas who he thought had the secrets to finding the self. With the Samanas, Siddhartha learned many ways to escape the self.   He would do this through meditation, abandonment of the body, fasting, and the holding of breath. He abandoned his body through these ways many times but would still always come back to being Self and Siddhartha. He would come back to feel the torment of that life cycle. Siddhartha soon found out that he was, in fact, going in circles. He saw that he was not gaining any knowledge from temporary escape but he would come back and find everything as it was before. This caused him not to believe in the Samanas practices and eventually resulted in Siddhartha leaving the Samanas to find spiritual enlightenment elsewhere. The third stage in Siddharthas quest was the knowledge of self. Siddhartha thought that if he were to just follow the teachings and not experience them for himself that he would deceive himself into believing that he was at peace when he actually was not. He decided to leave his friend and find his self through experience. It was afterwards when he had on his own the spiritual awakening. The fourth stage in Siddharthas quest was wisdom (enlightenment). Siddhartha came to the river wanting above all to gain experience himself. He did not know then the importance of the river. When he was there, there was a ferryman who said, Certainly, I have learned that from the river too; everything comes back.   All he wanted to do was put an end to his painful life but right when he was about to, he heard a sound that he had remembered from his childhood- Om. It was remembering of the indestructibleness of life that marked another new beginning for Siddhartha. He now knew that time was irrelevant and that the world of appearances is transitory. Now he was making a new pilgrimage, this time in rich mans clothes. He came back to the river that he had crossed long ago and met the same ferryman that had been kind to him. During his stay with the ferryman he realized that the river was a symbol of spiritual transition; timelessness, and a teacher of the unity of all things. He had g ained spiritual enlightenment. In the quest novel, there is a story of a young man who sets out in search of his true self.   Throughout the novel, Siddhartha continues to search for the true meaning of life.   He sacrifices everything, almost to the point of self-destruction, before finding what he is really looking for.   The element of conflict helps build the plot and leads to the turning point, Siddharthas discovery. While searching for Enlightenment, Siddhartha explores for the truth. At the dawn on his thirty fifth birthdays, he becomes fully enlightened. The journey is achieved by following the Siddhartha’s Four Nobel Truths; the universality of suffering, the origin of suffering, the overcoming of suffering and the way leading to the suppression of suffering. During his journey, Siddhartha overcomes these conflicts.   While some of them are negative, others prove to be for best.   As a result of his struggles, Siddhartha learns that happiness is not found through intellect, spirit, or commerce alone.   True happiness comes from inner peace and fulfillment.

Violence in Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violence in Community - Essay Example The third need wold be the need for love and belongingness, followed by that of self-esteem and ego (Simmons, Irwin, & Drinnien, 1987). Last in this hierarchy described by Maslow would be self-actualization, which is only achieved after all the previous needs have been met. The need for security and safety hence comes around when the physiological needs are met to a certain degree. At this point, Maslow describes man as a safety-seeking mechanism, whose outlook in life and the world, both for the present and the future, is greatly influenced by this prominent need (Maslow, 1943, p.375). Given that the physiological needs have been met, the need for safety and security of a person in his own community is vital for an individual to then fulfill his love and belonging needs. Thus, when there is violence in a community, and a person is not confident of his own safety, then the actualization of the higher needs is hindered. Violence in a community especially that among youths can be lessened by implementing community health interventions that aims to reduce the prevalence of its causes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, the availability of guns, poverty, lack of proper education, and the list goes on. If these interventions are successful in their goals, an individual can then focus on achieving needs of love and belonging, as other needs tend to become non-existent as long as a prevailing need is not met (Maslow, 1943). Violence in the Community Violence has been prevalent since probably the beginning of time and has presented a big part in the history of the world. Every year, more than a million people die violence-related deaths, and a lot more endure physical, emotional, sexual, and psychological injuries from self-inflicted, interpersonal, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). Violence is "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation" as defined by the World Health Organization (Krug et al., 2002). The term intentional suggests that a person committing the act of violence is knowingly carries out this act and is conscious of the results of the act. There are many forms of violence. The World Health Organization has subdivided violence into three typologies: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence (Krug et al., 2002). However, for the purpose of this paper, focus will be given to the typology of interpersonal violence, which is defined by WHO as "violence between individuals, that is subdivided into family and intimate partner violence and community violence. The former category includes child maltreatment; intimate partner violence; and elder abuse, while the latter is broken down into acquaintance and stranger violence and includes youth violence; assault by strangers; violence related to property crimes; and violence in workplaces and other institutions." (Krug et al., 2002) Although the crime rate in America has already decreased over the past decades, the rates remain significantly high (Berman, Silverman, & Kurtines, 2000). In a study conducted by Berman, Silverman, and Kurtines, it has been revealed that in the children between first and second grade have already either been victims of violence (21%) or have been

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example The company also was awarded with wine award and a gold medal in the wine competition at Sydney in 2011and with medal of gold at an Award function in New Zealand in 2010. With respect to 2010 the EBITDA of the company grew from $29.6 million to $57.1 million in 2011. This resulted in their earnings per share of the company rising from 0.20 cents to 32.6 cents. The rise in the net assets of the company by 10% over the year is a commendable achievement for the company under the ever changing market conditions. Planning Control and Decision making process Management accounting is related to the system of accounting information used by the managers within an organisation. The management accounting provides the managers with the basis of information essential in the decision making of the company so that the resources of the company can be better utilised and functions are in control. At present management accounting has a dual reporting relation in the corporation. The management account ants are the strategic partner responsible in providing decision related to the operational and financial information. Thus it is the responsibility of the managerial accountants in managing the business team along with submission of report in relation to the corporation’s finance. The management accountant portrays planning and forecasting, monitoring and reviewing cost inherent to the business and performance variance analysis of the company. However the three main areas of a management accountant that helps in the planning and decision making of managers are strategic management, performance management and risk management (Bamber, Braun & Harrison, 2009, pp.4-7). Delegat’s Group has adopted the strategy of identifying the â€Å"value growth markets† and â€Å"growth markets† which has proved to be a success in the favour of the company. The strategy thus adopted by the company has resulted in delivering improvement in the profitability of the company. The performance management of the company can well be depicted from the financial performance of the company. A stable growth rate of 10% of operating net profit after tax has been observed from 2007 to 2011 except in 2008 which are due to the global economic downturn. The major improvement in the performance of the company was due to biological assets contribution, net harvest provision and the derivative instruments of the company implemented to hedge the company’s interest rates and foreign currency exposures. Lastly the risk performance of the company is diverted by the use of the options and forward currency contracts. This helps in the economic hedging of the risks associated with the interest rate swaps and foreign currency fluctuations. Thus the management accounting helps in the detection of the variances of the company through which the managers of the company can plan out the strategies of the company; based on which further decisions are taken. Skills of a Managem ent Accountant Skills that are required for a management accountant to efficiently carry out the process of accounting are to have a sound knowledge of both managerial as well as the financial accounting. The management account should have an analytical skill along with the knowledge of how the business of the company is functioning. Good oral and written communication skill is a must for the